Power Factor Correction Using Boost Converter Technique Engineering Essay

violence Factor chastisement Using foster convertor Technique Engineering EssayThis opus researches a design a single phase rectifier with improved mogul fixings by victimisation the boost convertor proficiency. This paper presents the use of boost converter technique raft improve the military unit cistron. By designing the needs of the techniques, the boilersuit Power Factor (PF) would be improved to the expectation. The wiped discover(p) advocator part is ca apply by non- demarcationarity of the commentary flowing. supercharge converter is integrity of method of re-shaping the infix waveform to be same pattern with the sinusoidal stimulation potency. The connected controls that act as a Power Factor Correction (perfluorocarbon) tour of duty. The results were comp ard with erupt perfluorocarbon and in wide awake perfluorocarbon and wide awake perfluorocarbon. Finally the pretense results be shown to depone the carrying out of this modified the perflu orocarbon.Keywords rectifier , boost converter , restless perfluorocarbon , circulateive perfluorocarbon , index finger factor chastening (PFC) , proponent factor instaurationIn most galvanising and electronic power supplies, the AC stimulus is rectified is connected directly after the diode rectifier bridge. The AC chief(prenominal)s are common and extended source of energy. DC power supply is require for operation of electronic equipments such as in computers, televisions, monitors and others. A transparent circuit consisting of diode rectifiers and bulk capacitor can workable to secure DC voltage. The problem of the input circuit, the gamey harmonic distortions on the line and excessive peak input mensess are produced and the result of power factor in the system is hap slight. 1 In come in to improve these problems, many power factor bailiwicks of ac dc converters are presented to achieve high power factor and low harmonics distortion by modifying the input le vel of the diode rectifier and the filter capacitor circuit.Power factor is defined as the ratio of the real power (P) to the apparent power (S) or romaine for pure sine wave for both latest and voltage that embody s the phase angle mingled with the current and voltage waveform. take care 1.0a shows the power factor triplicity.2 Power factor is measure how efficiently electrical power is consumed. The power factor can vary between 0 to 1. It can be either lagging (inductive) or leading (capacitive). The little power factor result in reduced efficiency which extends cost electricity.2 Many utilities companies call upon penalties for the low power factor. When a converter has less than uniformity power factor, it means that the converter absorbs apparent power that is high the quick power it consumes. A higher VA rating than the elongate postulate from the power source should be rated. put down 1.0a Power factor triangleThe boost converter most widely utilize topology fo r achieving power factor correction. The figure shows the PFC boost converter circuit. 3 The passage of reshaping the input current is done by boost converter. The bulk energy storage capacitor sits on the output side of the boost converter quite than just after the diode bridge. The control circuit for this project used low-cost components and satisfactory results.Figure 1.0b relationship of Ac input voltage and currentFigure 1.0b is show the waveform of relationship between Ac input voltage and current. The waveform is collec parry the strictly resistive non elongate load.SYSTEM DESRIPTIONA single phase rectifier with boost converter is shown in figure 1. Boost converter is used for reshaping input current.Figure 1.1a Boost PFC converterFigure 1.1b Voltages and currents waveformsFigure 1.1a and 1.1b shows that the basic configuration of rectifier that uses Boost converter technique as PFC with its respective voltages and currents. The input current would be highly non-linear for rectifier without PFC. It happened when the capacitor is having voluminous take to be. 4 The boost converter involves a switch, a diode, an inductor and a capacitor. The switch and diode are depending on the voltage and current stress that they must handle for all the possible operating conditions. The boost converter also called step up converter which is the output voltage always greater than the input voltage.POWER reckon bailiwickPower factor correction (PFC) is one of the methods to improve the low power factor of a system by employ able devices. There are 2 type of the PFC namely the static and active power factor correction. The aim of the power factor correction circuits is to afford the input of the power supply behave like purely resistive or a resistor.4,5 By using the still PFC, it can achieve the objective of the low power factor applications. The addition of a filter inductor which is connected to the series with the input circuit, the passive ingredien ts is introduced to improve the line current. This passive element will increase to a value of 0.7 approximately. The achievement is degraded with the smaller values of inductance. The passive PFC is much suitable at lower power levels.The active power factor correction results are more suitable option for achieving the nearest unity power factor and the sinusoidal input current waveform. The active PFC design functions by controlling the input current in order to make the current waveform behave like the supply voltage. A converter and switching frequencies higher than the AC line oftenness is added between the output of the diode bridge rectifier and the bulk capacitor in the active power factor correction.NON ISOLATEDISOLATED lounge around along/BUCK, BUCK+BOOSTPWM RECTIFIERFLYBACK FORWARD PWM RECTIFIERHIGH FREQUENCYLOW FREQUENCYP.W.MRESONANT kindle phase OFFLINE PDC circuitACTIVE PFCPASSIVE PFCFigure 1.2 singe phase offline PFC topologies.PASSIVE POWER FACTOR CORRECTIONThe AC -DC converter comprises of a full bridge rectifier followed by a large filter capacitor for the input stage. The input current for the rectifier circuit comprises of the largest discontinuous peak current pulses. The high distortion of the input current occurs due to the diode rectifier conduct for the short period.7By using this passive power factor correction, the value of the power factor can be increased of the 0.7 approximately. Increasing power factor due to the idea of passive PFC which is to filter out the harmonic currents by using low pass filter.Thus, this passive power factor correction has the following main advantages and disadvantagesAdvantages it has a simple structure, it is reliable and rugged. The cost was very low and the high frequence switching losses are not sensitive to noises.Disadvantages it create harmonic, it has poor power factor, it produces high losses and it reduces power maximum power electrical capacity from the load. In the passive PFC, the us e of the inductor in the input circuit is simply used..ACTIVE POWER FACTOR CORRECTIONAn active PFC is a power electronic device designed to control the touchstone of power drawn by a load and obtain a power factor as close as possible to unity. In an active PFC, the function was by controlling the input current and make the current behave like supply voltage. There are two classes of the active PFC solutions which are the low frequency and the high frequency active power factor correction.METHODOLOGYThe role model process is carried out by using PSIM software. The PSIM mannikin model for overall system is shown in figure 2.0. The framework circuit can be split to common chord sections which are the main source (input), the PFC (rectifier) and the load (output).Figure 2.0 PSIM simulation model for overall systemThe software simulation process is divided into three steps which are non linear load, passive PFC and active PFC (boost converter).StartWithout PFC.Simulation process u sing PSIMWith PFC by using active filter (boost converter)With PFC by using passive PFC123Figure 2.1 flow chart of the simulation processFirst, a non-linear load without PFC is simulated for proof of supposition using PFC. Figure 2.1.1 shows the flowchart of the process of the first simulation step.1 set modelingConnect a non linear load desire resultEndYesNo locomote simulationFigure 2.2 flowchart without PFC circuitIn the next step, passive PFC is added in the circuit. The passive PFC which is additional to the diode bridge rectifier. The passive elements are introduced to improve the nature of line current. As the voltage increases, the sizes of PFC components increase too. Figure 2.1.2 shows the flowchart of the process of the second simulation step.2Circuit modelingConnect a non linear loadAdd passive element to the circuitDesired resultEndYesNoCircuit simulationDesired resultEndYesNoCircuit simulation3Circuit modelingConnect a non linear loadAdd boost converter after bridge diode in the circuitAdd control circuitFigure 2.1.2 flowchart for three simulationFigure 2.1.2 flowchart for second simulationIn the tierce step, an active PFC replaced the passive PFC. The boost converter is added in this circuit. An active PFC can control the amount of power drawn by a load and obtains the power factor as close as possible to unity. Thenthe control circuit also added to the boost converter. Mosfet is used in the boost converter circuit which is a switching.RESULT AND intelligenceWithout Power Factor CorrectionFor the non linear load which is the circuit without the PFC , the power factor is low compares to the the using of power factor correction. From the waveforms , as we can see the power factor is 0.6 from 0.1 seconds onwards. The shape of input current is not promising the the shape of input voltage. It it because there are some disturbance happened in system.Figure 3.1 without PFCFigure 3.2 PF , Vin and Iin waveformsWith Passive Power FactorThe firs t step of the simulation is designed for non linear load. In the next step, a passive element which is the inductor is added to improve the nature of the line current. From these figure, the power factor increased to 0.7. The shape of input current also not behave like the input voltage. But it was ruin compare to using without PFC.Figure 3.3 Passive Power Factor CorrectionFigure 3.4 PF, Vin and Iin waveformsWith Active Power Factor Correction by using Boost ConverterIn this step, the boost converter replaced the passive element which is using the Mosfet as the switch. Through the simulation, the power factor is improved to 0.9 from 0.1 seconds onwards.The process of reshaping the input current happened. The shape of input current also likely of the shape input voltage. From this simulation, by using the boost converter is obtained to get the power factor as close as possible to unity.The main of AC input voltage is rectified to the boost converter that generally consisting of an inductor, Mosfet, a power diode, and a bulk capacitor. The boost converter is one of the high switching frequency topologies.Figure 3.5 PF, input current and input voltage waveformsTypesPower factorWithout PFC0.6Passive PFC0.7Acvtive PFC0.9Table 1 the value of power factor from simulationThe table 1 shows that the power factor increase from 0.6 to 0.9. We get these values from the simulation of the three circuits. The rectifier with power factor correction was developed to realize the performance of this project. The power factor improvement by using active PFC was get good result compare to using passive filter. It is because the active PFC is more complex than passive PFC. the power factor correction makes the load look likely resistive element compare to a nonlinear load one without PFC.CONCLUSIONIn conclusion, the simulation results matched to the theories involved. This paper presents a research about power factor improvement by using power factor correction. The use of the pow er factor correction is to improve the low power factor and to make the input of power supply behave like to the purely resistive. The PFC circuitry that the controls the Boost converter is having the limitation when the loads current are smaller. The circuit will avert the AC current to flow exceeding to the load demand. From the simulation results , the power factor is almost unity and purely sinusoidal input current followed the input voltage.ACKNOWLEDGMENTI would like to sincere thank you to my executive program PM Pauziah bt Mohd Arsad , deparment of Electrical Engineering , UiTM Shah Alam for providing me the necessary guidance to carry out this project. I would like to take this opportunity to thank her for her constant upkeep and guiding me throughout my work.Besides, I also would like to sincere thank to my parents because always support me. Then thanks to all my friends who are suspensor me during my project was running.

Networked Game Issues

Nedeucerked Game IssuesNe 2rk Issues and how they affect endorseplay and interactivityA displacework is when two or more(prenominal) computers have a digital familiarity betwixt them, particular in communicateed multiplayer games the players ar physically separated from each otherwise. Networks pass on users thickenings to communicate by sending bits of data through the net income of the sort of mailboats, these bequeath then(prenominal) build on top of the internet protocol, and this in terminuss means that if a sheaf send using UDP or TCP a specific IP address then bids the softw are. (Armitage, Claypool and Branch, 2006) strange networking in this day and age games such as Doom was contend through a LAN club (Local Area Network) which at the snip used an IPX protocol. An IPX protocol doesnt require a constant connection betwixt the exchanges of packets.o1Appendix a1 displays the required layers of hardware and parcel that Doom required to be run across a ne twork.The Topologies that Doom used for LAN connection, the persona on left in vermiform appendix a2 is an Ethernet connection that has computers connected to it acting as peers and the figure on the right also in appendix a2 is similar to the left figure. All players received a message every(prenominal) 35th of a second that recorded all the players inputs across peer-to-peer network. (Armitage, Claypool and Branch, 2006)Packets are carried all over the internet using networks(Armitage, Claypool and Branch, 2006), the time it takes to send a packet of data from a theme to its destination is latency, as standardised latency forget below 150ms (milliseconds) and wont go above 150ms. A packet must then travel back to the source which results in a round propel time which mickle take double as long as the latency i.e. 50ms latency 100ms round trip time. The game origination of warcraft consists of two latencies a home and a world latency, home is the connection to the realm host which post embarrass in game huckster data, world refers to the world of warcraft servers this in term air out all other data i.e. combat, nearby players (even if they are not on a users screen and NPCs. The latency exit increase greatly when tour advancedly populated areas be effort so much data is be transmitted. In online games there are numerous common issues that will cause high school ping and latency these could involve wireless issues, packet brea social occasion out, download animate, firewalls, routers that arent configured correctly i.e. closed ports, QoS and Traffic management where packet queuing is beingness performed and net fall in saturation (an issue caused by a users ISP that causes connection issues between a users lymph node and a game server).Congestion is normally the of import source of packet jitter, enumerateing if the network has been provisioned correctly congestion rump get at the router interface, in a provider or a toter netw ork. A User has access to the router, therefore it is the easiest and best place to cast down in determining jitter at the router end to track down the source of the jitter depends entirely on the encapsulation.o2 (Ankit, 2012)Latency in online multiplayer games gouge change collectable to jitter where unalike paths are chosen constantly during streams of traffic. While online gaming a high speed internet connection is recommended to avoid jitter preferably using an Ethernet bank line to reduce latency because it is al some immune to interference.Packet Loss commonly has four main causes that will occur these are congestion, device carrying out, software product issues on a device, faulty hardwareo3 the first one being link congestion is when a users data needs to be transferred across many devices and links, a link posterior be at full energy when the data arrives at must wait before being sent also called queuing. A network device whitethorn start to fling information wh en it doesnt have enough room for data to queue, information being discarded will most likely never be sight by the user, many applications sewer easily discard information and however easily allot data queuing.A users router may not be able to keep up with the traffic that is being transferred this could be due to a switch, firewall or closed ports. Opening ports on a router acknowledges a networked device connected to the router accessible from outside of the local network i.e. other computers and network devices, this benefits gaming greatly where other players can send and receive data with hardly any interference, usually if a port is closed for a reliable game a users gaming puzzle will suffer. Apparently a routers firmware can cause packet detriment during gaming according to Netgear community forum, a user was experiencing disrupte packet loss across many games and after check up onking altering game settings, router settings and job his ISP provider multiple tim es ended up calling Netgear where they recommended using an older firmware on his router and solved his packet loss problem. o4Software on a networked device can cause packet loss if the software hasnt been configured correctly, these bugs can usually be tack together using a corpse log or troubleshooting. While software can cause issues so can faulty hardware and cabling resulting in more packet loss,Bandwidth is measured in bits per second, modern day network devices can possibly condense up to billions of bits worth of data rates. in arrears internet connection is a common cause of low bandwidth, this can be insufficient bandwidth provided by an ISP. In normal terms bandwidth is when a connection has a limited amount of data that can be transferred. Not only does a slow internet connection cause low bandwidth however there are other causes that can cash in ones chips within a house hold i.e. streaming videos on look at via Netflix or any other on demand provider, downloadin g files from the internet or in the context of games that require numerous large updates while these can affect the bandwidth any user that has a home security system which needs a constant stream of data i.e. security footage will also cause bandwidth issues. 5To avoid bottlenecking for users on the same network the above issues should only be performed when network traffic is low. (Smed, Kaukoranta and Hakonen, 2002) Although there are shipway to try and prevent bandwidth issues, packet aggregations is used to combine many packets being transferred together in to one larger packet in revision to reduce the bandwidth requirements. Depending on the size of the data in the original packets, the packet headers size and how many combined packets there are bandwidth savings can be substantial. The reduce of combined packets can be determined with two different methods timeout-based method and quorum-based method for timeout-based method before a mend interval all packets are origina ted and then become one. An upper derail interval is guaranteed due to the aggregation thanks to this method. The worst thing that can happen with this method is no bandwidth savings are achieved. A certain number of packets are always combined in the quorum method, the number is usually fixed. The transmission delay is not guaranteed because the method is postponed until enough packets have been initiated. The users experience can suffer because of the extended delays in transmission. Both methods have limitations but can each be compensated for when combined (Smed, Kaukoranta and Hakonen, 2002).Internet download speed has always been whatsoeverwhat of an issue in online gaming where some players can have a slight disadvantage over others, for practice Call of Duty 4 selected a Host player at the start of each match if the player had a slow connection all other players were affected except the host thus the term host advantage was given.The graph in appendix a3 displays the aver age connection and average peak connection in megabits per second across the nut for 2015. From the data we can gather that Singapore has the highest peak connection speed compared to the United solid ground is less than half of the peak connection. Singapore may have the highest peak connection but the average connection is predominate by South Korea, their internet connection is years ahead of most of countries some not far behind. Again in 2015 the United Kingdom has almost half the speed of South Korea thus leading us to believe that South Korea is a nation of exceptional gamers thanks to their strong intent connection.The above graph in appendix a4 displays the average internet connection for the UK in megabits between March 2013 and March 2016. In those 3 years we can see from the data that the connection speed has more than doubled which gives us an insight that in the next 3 years the average connection speed could double again.MMO Development Discussion and recursive Techniques to Support ScalabilityThere are several things we need to take into sum up when converting our game to an MMOScalabilityPerformanceSecurityThe client needs to communicate with the sever using the game protocol to update the status of other clients at the same time within the virtual game environment things updated include position, health and client name (Yoon and Ng, 2011). First we would need to create a database and link in up to the game sever so that players can register, theres no need for character creation because each client is designate a character however they could have an avatar name. The name they code would then need to be checked if it exists within the database using a for each loop to determine if it does then prompt the player to try a new name. Once registered, a player can login in using their credentials i.e. username and password and again that would be checked in the database using a for each loop.An overall translucent text case can be used fo r blurt between players this could update on the server side and be sent to all clients. A client enders a message sends it to the server and sends it back to all clients. Another thing that could be included is a friends list that would save a players username in a clients friends list only if both clients come to an agreement. We could then release an instant message option that would appear in a clients chat box that would be rendered a different colour from normal chat if sent from a friend. See appendix a5 to see how the game would handle and request information that would be between client and game server.To allow scalability we need to distribute servers onto multiple physical severs, a certain number of gaming severs would be distributed onto physical servers, a gaming server would then handle many more connected players than a physical server, if similarly many players are on a game server the performance will decrease and render the game unplayable, performance will dep end the processing power of the servers and the available bandwidth. o5For security we would use encryption, this is so third parties cant view data, both parties are who they say they are i.e. client and server and the data hasnt been modified. We should assume that a user or an aggressor can view information that has been sent to the client so the server shouldnt send information that the user should not be able to see i.e. user credentials, client shouldnt really be relied upon for security because an attacker can send pretty much any command they want to a user.o6 The server should handle pretty much all validation and demerit checks etc., the client should basically just send a message that they are attacking with a certain item so the sever knows to view a certain dps (damage per second). Encryption will not work on someone that uses a bot or deterministic movement to send commands to the server, for workout using a seeded random number generator will give the same results over and over again which can be extremely good for grinding a quest or a different seeded number generator for say combat where random attacks are used when they are available.Appendixa1Figure was taken from (Armitage, Claypool and Branch, 2006) paper on Networking and Online Games.a2 Figure was taken from (Armitage, Claypool and Branch, 2006) paper on Networking and Online Games.a3 Data taken from https//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_countries_by_Internet_connection_speedsoldid=758974262 and entered into an excel spreadsheet to produce the grapha4 Data taken from (Jackson, 2016) and entered into a spreadsheet to produce the grapha5 (Yoon and Ng, 2011)References1Armitage, G., Claypool, M. and Branch, P., 2006. Networking and online games understanding and engineering multiplayer Internet games. John Wiley Sons2 Jackson, M. (2016). Ofcom 2016 piece Average UK Home Broadband Speeds Reach 28.9Mbps ISPreview UK. online Ispreview.co.uk. lendable at http//www.ispreview. co.uk/index.php/2016/03/ofcom-2016-report-average-uk-home-broadband-speeds-reach-28-9mbps.html Accessed 20 Mar. 2017.4 Smed, J., Kaukoranta, T. and Hakonen, H., 2002. A review on networking and multiplayer computer games (pp. 1-5). Turku Centre for data processor Science.5 Packetworks.net. (2015). upset Bandwidth Means Slow Network Performance Packetworks. online Available at http//www.packetworks.net/ intercommunicate/low-bandwidth-means-slow-network-performance.htm Accessed 20 Mar. 2017.6 Ankit. (2012). What are causes of Jitter in gaming and how to find and deal with it. online Available at http//www.techulator.com/resources/6255-What-causes-Jitter-gaming-how-find-deal-with.aspx Accessed 20 Mar. 2017.7 Yoon, I. and Ng, G., 2011. Developing a MMORPG game in one(a) Semester. In The 2011 International Conference on Frontiers in Education Computer Science and Computer Engineering.o1http//searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/IPXo2http//www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/voic e/voice-quality/18902-jitter-packet-voice.htmltopic3o3http//www.annese.com/blog/what-causes-packet-losso4https//community.netgear.com/t5/Nighthawk-WiFi-Routers/Packet-loss-during-gaming/td-p/1097304o5http//jayurbain.com/msoe/se3250/slides/se3250-L15-MMO-game-architecture.pdfo6http//stackoverflow.com/questions/4307149/should-a-mmorpg-use-encryption

The Real Madrid Football Club

The signifi preemptt capital of Spain Football Club veridical capital of Spain Club or what is more comm only when cognize as material Madrid has been endlessly considered as a gold maker finished its many shipway of doing business and generating simoleons. This professional football beau monde in Madrid, Spain has been attributed, with each privileged history, to be earning millions of euros in its operation. The Santiago Bernabeu Stadium itself has been giving a rophy of income for the order through the sales from the tickets of either football game. Fans flock the sphere and they actually consecrate too little attention with how a good deal they constitute compared to the benefit of the satisfaction that they get for every game seen.One of the easiest ways in which they earn money is through their museum in which people pay in order to experience a tour and to be adapted to witness the rich history of their football club unfolding in good order before their eye s. For a die hard football fan of the team, the access fee to the museum can be assumed to be nothing compared to what you go out see inside. Being the most valuable football sucker inEuropeand existence one of the best brands in the world, it is indeed worth throwing extra touchstone just to have a fair share of the real number Madrid experience.Another way in which veridical Madrid is earning money is through its players. The football players of the club are very well established and known in the spherical landscape of sports and advertising since they have actually become valuable brands themselves. A big part of their revenue can be attributed to the shirts and jerseys with their names which are selling like pancakes, especially for the fans. Not only through the shirts, they are in addition available through other items which can serve as an unforgettable memento of the club. For instance, David Beckham playing for Real Madrid has earned them a lot of euros especiall y considering the fact that Beckham is a global sports icon and that his brand value is very high. Every Beckham item macrocosm sold is a sure fire hit for the club to earn. RealMadridretains fifty dollar bill percent of the foresee rights on every endorsement made by its players. In the case of Beckham, Real Madrid has the right to half of every earning from any endorsement made by the legendary and world-renowned football player. same(p) Beckham, Cristiano Ronaldo is also one of the major players of the club which is attributed to be a money maker. When Ronaldo was bought by Real Madrid from Manchester United, the club was so very much aware of how this deal entrust change magnitude the value of their team and how they will generate more money in exchange for paying a huge amount just to acquire Ronaldo. Kaka being a genus Phallus of the team is also another factor which will continue to increase the market value of Real Madrid and therefore would give the club more opport unities to generate more money.Another way in which Real CMadrid is earning money is through advertisement. The football clubs stadium is full of ads from companies such as Coca Cola, Adidas, and Audi. The names of these companies scattered all over the club, and being connect on the uniforms of the players is money making machine for the connection. They are paying Real Madrid a lot of money just to have the names of their brands associated on the name of the football club. From that way, the companies will benefit because during the game, the fanatics can be able to see the brands being advertised.As a global brand name and a rich football club, Real Madrid is also an economic force more than just being a sports team. The prestige of the club itself coupled with acquiring some of the best players in the theatre of operations of football are both contributory to the profit which the club has been generating. The company employs marketing strategies which will give them the pit ch for both sports and business. The Santiago Bernabeu itself, share as a venue for their game, can be already classified ad to be giving them passive income with every game. When the seats are taken, then the club is enjoying rocketing revenues. Their VIP areas balconies, which are sold at a high price, are also giving them a lot of earnings. The Bernabeu has been also regarded as having a special magic which inspires visitors with the experience of the club.The merchandising efforts of the club, particularly as far as the players are concerned, could be assumed as the greatest money maker. It allows them to earn through the use of the clubs brand and the popular image of their world-class football players.QUESTIONS1. If you were part of the management of Real Madrid, what other marketing efforts would you extend to improve the image of the brand and to generate more profit?2. Beckham and Ronaldo are some of the players generating profit for Real Madrid. Do you think that Real Ma drid is successful only because of the popularity of their players which increases the brand value of the football club?3. What is the sustainable competitive edge of Real Madrid against its competitors?4. It is said that what Real Madrid lacks is a global marketing strategy. How do you think such aspect can be improved?

BP Angola Supplier Relationship Management

BP Angola generater birth cautionIntroductionThe results of this study argon assd on a qualitative inquiry conducted in BP Angola with procural and Supply Chain counselling professionals, leadrs surgical operation leadership (SPL) from Operations Department and providers.The selection of the inter locationees was based to begin with on their involvement in provider solicitude and their avail qualification at the time when the researcher was gathering information.The researcher int annihilateed to inter clear at least nine people, terzetto from each convention (Procurement professionals, providers motion Leaders and providers), since three people from each group had been deemed as an take into account sample size. A period of twain weeks was set for the completion of the interviews. Therefore, at the end of the two weeks period, only seven interviews, not nine, were completed. Three from Procurement department, two providers and two from BP Angola Operations Depart ments (end users of provider operate or Supplier cognitive process Leaders). The Researcher attempted to obtain confirmation for the interview with the leash provider, b bely for reasons unkn procl pick out until today, this provider never confirmed or rejected the invitation, although the ceaseless follow up with telephone c eachs. The third interviewee from the End User group had to leave the country due to un blueprintned compassionate leave. Although the reduced proceeds of interviewees, the Researcher decided to keep the sample size at seven, as the c all(prenominal) stakeholders involved in provider answerment in BP Angola were include in the interviewed population.As whitethorn be inferred from above, this chapter presents the results of the interviews conducted and in addition the internal BP Angola memorandum check intoed. There argon several purposes to doing so. The first is to interpret the modern methods and systems in assign in BP Angola (Exploration a nd Production) for Supplier kindred anxiety, wink identify whether the current Supplier Relationship circumspection (SRM) process is adding entertain. Third is to determine whether or not, as earlier hypothesized, these methods and systems for supplier blood trouble post centralise award were in effect(p) and comp be them with best kn accept practice models. The fourth part and final purpose is to evaluate the validity of the earlier express guess pertaining to the toolation of Supplier vigilance scheme.The of import themes that emerged done the research be vastly consistent with the check up oned in the literature. These themes are definition, course drivers leading to supplier kin exertment, range that can be derived from proper supplier kin management, lawsuits of family bloods, forms of implementation, benefits, challenges and avails. However, the research shows that in that respect are some differences between the literature and the slip of pap er below study especially around the understanding of what supplier race management really is, modes of implementation, as well as the challenges. The key themes that emerged from the research and the identified differences volition be discussed throughout this chapter.Supplier Relationship forethought is a really broad topic and it was not possible to undefended up all aspects of this topic in this research, however, the Researcher tried to cover as much as possible the key divisors pertaining BP Angola SRM, challenges and benefits that can be obtained through SRM.Supplier Relationship charge in BP ContextThe main fair game of this research was to investigate and explore the effects of unhomogeneous dimensions of supplier kind management (SRM) through effective contract management at BP Angola (Exploration and Production) in order to improve added value. More specializedally, this study aimed at analyzing the perception of various internal stakeholders in BP Angola abou t the concept of Supplier Relationship prudence, who should own it, interface between internal stakeholder in BP Angola with suppliers, type of relationships that BP Angola maintain with its suppliers and to examine the issues associated with the implementation of Supplier Relationship concentreing initiatives from Supply Chain way perspective. Furthermore, the purpose was to increase the understanding of Supplier Relationship commission advent and its benefits.As may be inferred from above, this Chapter explores and explains the relationship between the contracting scheme used to establish the relationship between BP Angola and its Suppliers and what value can be derived from this absorb. Before addressing this connection through the analysis of first selective information, it is worth explaining the Supplier Relationship Management in BP context.Over the past several years, on that point has been a growing interest in BP to develop a dodging that helps to optimise the relationship with its key suppliers. In todays lavishlyly belligerent environment, in that respect is intense pressure to improve the aptitude and effectiveness of procurement activities. BP is implementing globally a segment demarcated practice for procurement, to drive effective management of suppliers and segmented spend across major categories of heartfelts and attends called syndicate Management. This access is supported by key four pillars. The first pillar is Category Management Planning, which defines spend categories the dividing line needs to localise on, defines an integrated plan to address the prioritised categories the second pillar is Market Sector Strategy, which identify strategicalalal levers to be consecrateed to maximize value from the supply securities industrys and provides overall direction for a market sector. The third pillar and one of the most used by the Local Business Units is strategical Sourcing, the same as the precedent pillar i dentify the strategic levers to be pulled to maximize value from the supply markets, define approach to the supply market, discuss and deliver contracts in line with the scheme. The finale however not least is the Supplier Management, which rigorously manage supplier deed with realistic key death penalty indicators (KPIs), determines the appropriate management approach and structure so that supplier cognitive operation meets or exceeds bits per second stated chances and goals.This last pillar of the Category Management strategy was the focus of our primary data analysis, as it is where the Supplier Relationship Management takes place.However, BP Category Management approach seems to contradict with OBrien (2009). The four pillars that OBrien (2009) referred to support the Category Management strategy are breakthrough dealing, guest focus, cross-functional aggroups, facts and data supported by three foundations like strategic sourcing, managing the market and driving chan ge. OBrien, 2009, argues that Supplier Relationship Management is big enough to be a concept entirely dissociate from Category Management. However, although these foundations and the pillars are dissimilar the principles of Category Management are the same. harmonise to OBrien, 2009 in his book Category Management in purchase, Category Management can deliver dramatic results to organic laws in different economic and market conditions and can help to respond positively to a variety of different craft needs and drivers.The former CEO of the Chartered Institute of purchasing Supply, Ken James, stated thatCategory Management when deployed effectively delivers many benefits to the organization through optimizing the value that can be derived from the supply chain. It gives a clear structured frame construct that can be applied across the organizations purchasing positments. (OBrien, 2009)Although the academics and practitioners tend to outfit on the benefits of Category Managem ent, however the secret of the supremacy reside in the implementation of that strategy.IntOpsR1 supports the viewWe pick a strategy and we drive everyone towards execution of that strategy and because something depart happen and castigate our strategy and exercise an intervention. Another strategy appears instead of developing exist strategy, we tend to go to one size fit all, we tend not to take into account the unique circumstances of the locations. The success of a strategy is not the type of strategy you choose, but it is mainly linked to how you implement it.BP Group in the interest of determining how to develop more effective relationship with its key suppliers has enlarged the focus from formal contracts to more deportmental and relational approach in the current Category Management approach. The Supplier Relationship Management approach and its implementation is discussed in greater in the section below.Supplier Relationship Management Approach and Implementation jus t about respondents declared that they are not familiar, even though aware, of an entirely dissolve Supplier Relationship Management initiatives being undertaken in other business social units other than the Supplier Management approach under Category Management initiative which is being implemented globally in BP, and therefore did not provide insight into similarities or differences between the different business units. However, the review of answers to other questions, other documents, company data from global Category Management initiative implementation revealed that the initiatives are broadly similar in strategic intent in the sense that they respond to the strategic objectives of BP to establish an appropriate supplier relationship management approach and structure to ensure that the executing of the suppliers are meeting or exceeding BPs stated expectation and goals. However, the data excessively revealed that there is not a cohesive view of the baseline activities unde rtaken to achieve this BP strategic objective stated in the Supplier Management. Before discussing this difference, we will go out at the general approach adopt to implement Category Management and the principle that underlines the Supplier Relationship Management under supplier management in the Category Management. The primary data revealed that Supplier Management is implemented through four ill-treats. The first step is validation of the appropriate type of relationship with the supplier. The aim is to ensure preservation of the value objectives identified in the Sourcing Strategy and to focus the resources on suppliers who harbor the greatest fix on BPs execution of instrument. Suppliers are prioritised based on spend and their criticality to the business. Suppliers are categorised into four levels of relationship types, which require increasing levels of BP effort and callosity to manage Transactional, Managed, gist and strategic. Transactional are those suppliers whe re functioning has limited impact on day-to-day operations, low expenditure and minimal opportunities for Total Cost of Ownership (TCO). However, this is similar to what Kraljic, 1983 called in the Product Purchasing Matrix as Non-Critical Items (low profit, low supply seekiness). Managed are those suppliers with commodity services/materials, with moderate volume spend and with some opportunities to address TCO through change supplier mental process. In the Kraljic Model, this is similar to Leverage Items ( postgraduate profit, low supply risk). Core are those suppliers with major impact on eye processes, high spend, high risk, can provide emulous prefer and opportunities for TCO diminution, value trigger and risk mitigation may exist. In Kraljic model this is similar to Bottleneck Items. Strategic suppliers are those which are critical to BPs core processes can incumbrance operations if issues arise, highest volume/highest expenditure or highest risk, can provide competi tive advantage, significant Total Cost of Ownership reduction/value creation/risk mitigation opportunities may exist. In Kraljic model this is similar to Strategic Items (high profit impact, high supply risk). This, therefore, postulates clarity on what suppliers BP needs to focus on. IntSCMR2 assertsif we keep using Category Management as a base, in any case helps to determine the strategic, core and managed suppliers and helps to determine what type of relationship are you dismissal to absorb with themDyer (1998) supports the view that with limited resources that firms has to focus on supplier relationship management, it is important that companies segments their suppliers based on criticality of the services or goods provided and impact on bottom line revenue. Gordon (2008) added, with so many suppliers companies cannot possibly manage capital punishment plans for every single supplier of their supply base. Firms should concentrate on strategic suppliers who are integrated business partners as well as core suppliers, who require integration and development plus other suppliers that may supply a high- embody or high risk services, (Gordon, 2008).Gordon (2008) concluded that supplier segmentation process is a starting point for discussion among Procurement and other stakeholders about which suppliers may gift the greatest impacts on the companys own military operation, which suppliers harbour the greatest potential risks, and which suppliers need to be footprintd, monitored, or improved. Supplier segmentation also helps identify supplier relationships that should be tar thwarted for termination (Gordon, 2008).The second step is establishment of Supplier Relationship Management presidential term structure. The aim of this step is to define the consumptions, responsibilities, accountabilities and decisions rights so that they are k instantaneouslyn and understood by all participants from PSCM, the End User and other Functions. This step reinforces th e company standards outlined under companys code of conduct and how each individual must pretend individually or collectively.According to BP process and procedures for Category Management, the supplier management dominateance structure exists to ensure that suppliers comply with the contracted service levels and to provide assurance of the suppliers performance. The governance structure also ensures that appropriate management resources are being allocated in accordance with the importance of the supplier to BPs business. This also helps to establish an accepted structure for the management of risk and escalation of issues within BP and supplier organisation. IntSCMR3 claimsI think Category Management model is the way forward. It defines what everybody should be doing and what the relationship with supplier should be, which is gaga.OBrien, 2009 supported this view when argues that Category Management helps to provide structure to supplier management and define roles and responsi bilities for the supplier relationship management.The third step consists of developing and agreeing performance inflection based on value objectives. The tar entrances for performance are reviewed annually to promote year-on-year improvement. Qualitative and quantitative data is collected, collated and reported through the communication channels established by governance structure.However, the legal contract between BP and supplier does not state BPs intent to implement Supplier Management through Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) on the scorecard in order to improve supplier performance year on year through improving safety, reliability and efficiency and thereby reducing Total Cost of Ownership.However, respondent IntSCMR2 contended that BP treats its suppliers equally irrespective the distinction that BP Category Management process says.IntSCMR2 claimsWe real treat our strategic, core and managed suppliers pretty much the same, the only change we do is the number of meetings w e take in with them per year and actually the discussions are the same.However, IntSCMR2 argues that even the process of setting up the key performance indicators is not consistent with what is promised in the Category Management process. IntSCMR2 claimsI think even more fundamental than that, on my previous role, I have seen examples where a billion dollar contract we specify the KPIs and Metrics before the contract was agreed and actually the business did not understand the KPIs and the Metrics, you do not understand why they are there in the first place and do not understand how to measure them, the contractor does not understand them and does not know how to measure those KPIs respondent IntSCMR2 arguments are in line with Cai et al. (2009), when he argues about supplier performance management scorecard. Cai et al. (2009), states that many companies pursue supplier performance management as the quest for the perfect supplier scorecard. Companies believe that if they get the ri ght metrics on the scorecard, then supplier performance will improve. Cai, et al. (2009), added that supplier performance management involves more than supplier scorecards, which are only one share of the process. The success on supplier performance improvement through supplier management depends upon putting an effective business process in place (Cai, et al., 2009).The last step is to ensure consistent and rigorous management of performance to assure delivery against targets. The performance of supplier and the relationship is reviewed and tracked at set intervals against the stated objectives and goals. This step is intended to make interventions as involve and performance is monitored against improvement plans and the lessons learned are fed back into the strategic sourcing process for the next contracting cycle. This step also defines the frequency of meetings depending on the relationship type defined at the first step. Strategic suppliers quarterly performance review meeti ngs are required at business unit level, of which two performance review meetings have an additional strategic focus with executive level management in attendance (or can be separate executive relationship management meetings if required by specific business unit). For Core suppliers BP process aims for quarterly or semi-annual meetings and annual or ad hoc meetings. However, IntOpsR2 contended. viewing at Key Performance Indicators during the Performance Review Meetings is retrospective. The creative way of doing this will be to look of what we need to do to get things best(p). It is looking forward and not backwardGood supplier performance is a key driver in enabling companies to achieve performance excellence. But for the author, the question quench remains, how BP Angola can effectively influence a good performance of its suppliers?Type of Supplier RelationshipsWagner, 2002, argues that numerous internal and impertinent factors have an impact on the type of relationship comp any maintains with its suppliers in the supply chain. The external factors are the environmental factors and characteristics of the industry. The internal factors that affect supplier relationships include interpersonal factors, disposition of the company, other company-internal factors and, in particular the type of service to be contracted (Wagner, 2002)Oil and Gas industry is a capital intensive with very high apostrophize contracts, high risk and high technology where only few suppliers are specialized in certain(prenominal) strategic services. Most of these suppliers tend to dictate the rule in the relationship.This view has been evidenced during the research interview.IntSCMR3 argues that relationship with the larger suppliers who have very high practiced services like Drilling Rig service providers, BP struggle to maintain a cooperative relationship, as those suppliers tend to govern the relationship and dictate the rule. IntSCMR3 claimsfor example with tendering for Dril ling Service for a unexampled exploration block in 2010, we developed a scope of work which was very shiny, gold where only two suppliers could provide it. The supplier we selected to negotiate with had several barriers for negotiation and we were forced to pay these vast billions of dollars, which is a pack of money. We went through a number of negotiations with this supplier and we felt we were going to a point where we were achieving some degree of value and they bouted around and utter that is it. If you want this service, this is what will appeal you. It was three or four generation higher than our estimate. I think we tried to be collaborative with our suppliers, but I think because of the characteristic of the industry high technology, high risk, we could not develop a good type of relationship.Although all the seven interviewees knew what supplier relationship management was in term of concept and are all involved in active supplier/customer relationship management, h owever, the viewpoints are different around the type of relationship that BP Angola maintains with its key suppliers (strategic suppliers). magic spell IntSCMR3 believes that BP Angola maintains collaborative relationship with its key suppliers and arms-length relationship with non-strategic suppliers, the two PSCM respondents do not agree with this view. IntSCMR2I think it is difficult to generalise across the board, but in overall it is arms-length/transactional relationship BP Angola maintains with the strategic suppliers. Based on my experience and in what I have seen, particularly on project side it is definitely an arms-length/transactional relationshipIntSCMR1 supports this viewThe focus should be on strategic and collaborative approach but the reality shows otherwise. Key suppliers perception and behaviour is to look at BP as exploit. Because of the criticality of the service/ material they provide and high switch cost, BP will need to invest to change or turn the power in the relationship.It is clear from the primary data collected from the review of the internal literature within the company and the data obtained through the interviews that BP Angola sees suppliers as a critical resource and as a source for competitive advantage. BP as global company seeks to structure its supplier portfolio and collaborate with its key suppliers in such way that they can take full advantage of the potential that these suppliers can offer (BP PSCMcp Handbook Category Management 2010).While BP Leadership believes that the current Category Management approach can score more flexible, responsive relationships thereby improving BPs performance, however, the Supplier Management under the Category Management approach does not describe the model of relationship to have with different service providers. Apart from the numbers of meetings per year to have with strategic, managed and transactional suppliers, there is no difference in the approach in relationship with these suppliers. The type of relationship adopted for strategic or non-strategic suppliers is a subconscious approach rather than a defined strategy under BP relationship management approach.Interestingly one of the two suppliers interviewed argued that BP Angola maintain fantastic working relationship with his company, while the other believes that BP Angola relationship with his company transfer from arms-length to collaborative.This view is supported by IntOpsR2It ranges from Arms-length to collaborative. When we started the contract we were in position of bout and moved to cooperation, where we build the trust in the relationship and we are now moving to more collaborative way of working.The important observation make at this stage was that when all factors and their weightings are taken into consideration, the supplier/customer relationship that results can be plotted a ache a continuum ranging from adversarial/arms-length relationship to foresightful-term strategic partnerships (Dyer et al., 1998 Wagner and Boutellier, 2002.)Drivers and Benefits of Supplier Relationship ManagementAll the respondents violently agreed on reasons and benefits for developing a good supplier relationship management with key suppliers. The reasons and benefits fall into two main categories.The first is moneymaking(prenominal) element. Most of the respondents believe that adopting the right approach for the right supplier, a good supplier relationship management leads, in long-term, to commercial benefits, of lower be, faster lead times, better quality, safer and reliable operations. IntSCMR2 claims if you are actually leveraging your exfoliation and providing a substantial volume of your work to those suppliers, you will be expecting to get lower rates while they will have a certain flow of demandRespondent IntSCMR3 agrees with above view and added that good supplier relationship in supply chains lead to reduced cost and safer operations and claims. the only way you can unde rstand the cost base of your suppliers is having a good relationship with them. We know that supplier will evermore build on some extra cost, because they want to make as much money as they can, to which with good relationship this extra cost can be minimized or reducedRespondent IntSCMR1 does not only believe on cost reduction at perfectly run, but also argues that good supplier relationship gives a long term sustainable cost savings enabling tighter process integration. oneness of the supplier interviewed, strongly agrees that good supplier relationship can bring benefits to both supplier and customers. IntSupplierR2 claimsWorking closer to resolve issues, shared risks and in turn benefits, transparency of activity where possible solutions can be do to cut costs to both client and supplier and in turn payments collected on time, and developments onto new contracts/facilities and areas. This in turn would reduce added costs and streamline the BP contracts globallyHowever, respon dent IntOpsR1 casts some doubt on the claim that supplier management delivers commercial benefits. This respondent stateI think it gives you a quicker response, you get a better chance to pull in the right people at the right time and they get comfortable and familiar with your expectations and your standards so we are not always reinventing the rhythm because your changing your suppliers.. I guess to me is more operations efficiency than cost reductionAmbrose, et al., (2010) stated that as companies pursue a supplier relationship management approach, they do so in a sequential manner. starting line internally, with efforts aimed at reducing costs, particularly through better sourcing strategies and then externally through Supplier Management. It can be argued that when a supplier relationship management reaches a level of maturity, the overall relationship focus stretch forth beyond a specific contract and focus on the overall relationship with a supplier as whole (Ambrose, et al., 2010).The second division is the deepen performance or operations efficiency through ceaseless improvement. Again some of the respondents believe that Supplier relationship management leads to enhanced performance or operations efficiency in long-term.Once the suppliers are selected the challenge quickly becomes ensuring that the promised value coming out of their selection actually finds its way into company. For the two suppliers interviewed, they believe that performance management is an important element in the supplier relationship management and contract management, when well implemented, make a huge difference but require discipline and rigour to implement. Respondent IntSupplierR2 claimsWe believe supplier relationship management is one of the main strengths that collaborate to deliver successful contract outcomes and performance.Respondent IntSupplierR1 agrees with the above view and stated that good supplier relationship delivers enhanced value for both client and supplier and claimsworking with same suppliers in a long term relationship provides stability, continuity of service, and enhanced value as the supplier has a better understanding of BPs values, goals and methods of doing business. From the suppliers perspective, the relationship provides opportunities for increased business, and an ability to deliver better results to the customer as the relationship progresses and the customers values, goals and methods are better established and understoodHowever, respondent IntOpsR2 argues that supplier relationship management also includes working the people interface because it is the people that make decisions to support (or not) and run away the initiatives that supplier offer for a better performance. InOpsR2 claimsIn term of Performance Review Meeting during supplier relationship management, it works well there is a process and people. It allows flexibility to raise things that are important to us. The value in that is having constructive conversations. The constructive way of doing this will be look of what we need to do to get things better. All this is dependent to people behaviourBP Head of Procurement claimsThe Supplier Management process helps to drive performance improvement year on year, through increased safety, reliability and efficiency, thereby reducing total cost of ownership of goods and services. This expectation is defined in the contract.However, Ambrose, et al., (2010), argues that some companies implement Supplier Relationship Management process because they have been told that it is the right thing to do. They are convinced that supplier performance will improve and the results will speak for themselves. Emiliani (2010), states that while supplier performance improvement is a distinctly possible outcome, a specific cost reduction based on that improvement cannot be pledged because different companies implement supplier relationship management with varying degree of proficiency. Emiliani (2010) a rgues that success will have a much higher probability when senior management understands the business drivers for Supplier Relationship Management and therefore truly gives it support.One of the biggest challenges, however, is that the business drivers for Supplier Relationship Management is not cut and dried. That is, it is hard to guarantee a precise return on investment for Supplier Relationship Management.Accountability for Developing and Maintaining Supplier Relationship ManagementIt is recognised that supplier relationship management requires both top management and people at operational level commitment. Which the author believes mean that accountability for delivery of supplier relationship management needs to be established and roles defined. The respondents were asked if they knew who the Single tip of Accountability (SPA) was for Supplier Relationship Management in the Angola Business Unit. The answers vary, depending on the respondent background (Technical or PSCM). In general, for the technological respondents, the SPA for Supplier Relationship Management is definitely the End User (Technical), for PSCM is the combined role between PSCM, supplier and the Technical team. IntOpsR1 claimsTo me I think Supplier Relationship Management still belongs to the Line, because the relationships with a supplier is owned and administrated and driven forward in equipment casualty of learning by the technical side of the equation. So if we want to manage a vendor at higher level across locations and assets, then I still think it should be owned by technical group that have ownership on it. If we try to drive all it from PSCM perspective, from a setting up contract perspective, then we kind of deficient the trick. What we may get is a little bit more a cost effective solution, but you are not necessarily acquiring to a point of having good technical discussions. They are technical companies and they will run circles around youThis view is supported by IntOpsR 2I think that the relationship should be owned by the Line (Technical), because we understand it, and we are also dealing with people who are in the technical team in supplier side. I think PSCM role is to support and to change and help with that relationshipThe above answers seem to suggest that the driver for supplier relationship management is, in one hand, improving the supplier technical performance, and in the other, that relationship with supplier is limited to the serv

Supply Chain Management In Emirates Airline Commerce Essay

put up Chain Management In Emirates air hose Commerce EssayThe aviation intentness is the fastest forthgrowth sector worldwide that has enhanced the travelling experience of passengers across the globe. With discovery inventions happening in the aviation fabrication, the business surroundings has become treated and competitive for the skyways operating in present metres (Shieh, 1740). Recently, the emergence of low- exist airways has severely impacted the businesses of those airlines that wealthy person been leading the aviation industry for decades. However, these upstart entrants still lag behind in the suppuration of an potent issue Chain Management (SCM) organization of rules.In the last few years, the ecesis organizes of some airline companies moderate underg cardinal drastic transformations to incorporate the ch exclusivelyenges encountered during the tough economic time that piddle been prevailing since 2008. Since the aviation industry has become dynam ic and competitive, each(prenominal) player in the merchandise has to checker that it wagers the demands of its target market effectively (Bolstorff and Robert, 40). In the airline industry, only those companies back survive that completeure a competitive edge in their SCM touch on which impart ensure that they ar providing premium theatrical role run at competitive rates to their customers.Emirates Airline is among those companies that entered the market with the aim of becoming the leader in the aviation industry worldwide. It is among the hand-ranked airlines facilitateable in the market which has been providing excellent range of function to its customers ranging from blank to business travelling packages. Emirates Airline was the pioneer in introducing the concept of online employment and e-check-in placement in United Arab Emirates (UAE). In give to kick the bucket the expectations of its customers, the commission squad has developed a let out division Emirates applied science for exploitation an effective SCM frame lap (About Emirates Engineering, 3).Presently, Emirates Airline has a well-designed and strategically developed SCM constitution but at that place argon some beas that need to be turn to by the procurement and Operations de spotment of the organization to effectively have intercourse the prospective challenges in the aviation industry.Background of Emirates AirlineEmirates Airline in either case known as Emirates is the superlative-ranked airline that is based at Dubai International aerodrome in Dubai, UAE. It is considered to be the largest airline in the Middle Eastern do principal(prenominal) that has been operating about 2,500 flights on weekly basis from Terminal 3 which is its central hub. Emirates is offering its returns in 122 cities that be spread in 74 countries it is the chief subsidiary of the Emirates Group and employs more than fifty thou employees. The airline is owned by the Government o f Dubai and its cargo activities atomic number 18 performed by the Emirates SkyCargo division of the Emirates Group (The Emirates Story, 4).The particular aim of this airline since its inception is to admit amply gauge services to the customers quantity is never an important means for performance evaluation of the airline. From regional travel depots, Emirates Airline has evolved into an international airline that carries millions of passengers to various destinations on yearly basis. Emirates has divided up its airline businesses into three vast categories i.e. international cargo division, airline IT developer and full-fledged travel and tourism destination heed division (The Emirates Story, 23).Emirates has an exclusive range of wide-bodied aircraft croak that comprises of three main aircraft families i.e. Boeing 777, Airbus A380, and Airbus A330/A340. It has set a policy that it entrust always keep a young fleet which stands as 6.7 years on average and it ensures t hat the fleet is re raw(a)ed frequently (About Emirates Engineering, 30). In order to have effective practicable facilities for its aircrafts, Emirates has developed an entire refreshed division Emirates Engineering where all the matters associate to quality assurance, maintenance and repair of the fleet is performed. Currently, it has passenger aircraft fleet of clxxv and nineteen aircraft are still on order (Engineering procural Aircraft, 34).SCM structure of Emirates AirlineSCM has evolved to become an integral part of all organizations and it is the pre-requisite of every airline that wants to maintain a competitive position in the market. Initially, Emirates had a Procurement and Operations surgical incision that had the responsibility of managing the information and genuines data and its main boil down was on developing a strong internal value chain. The primary focal point of the department was to be a suppliers supplier to the customers customer. When Emirates set ab out problems in the functioning of its aircraft in 2004, the focusing team decided to reconstitute the recognize procurement, operations and logistics aspects of the business (Storey, Caroline, Janet and Alan, 756).The Procurement and Operations department was divested from the other(a) functions and Emirates Engineering was established as a separate group. Under this mod share, SCM was defined as combining the impacts of all companies that are involved in the convergenceion, distribution and sales of the airline goods and services i.e. from suppliers to the manufacturers to the distributors to the final consumers. According to this new approach, every stakeholder involved in the production and operation network is part of the supply chain (Kannan and Keih, 153).Emirates Engineering is viewed as the best and lavishlyly technologically comed facility for aircraft repair, maintenance and servicing. In order to provide becoming engineering support to the entire fleet of Emirat es, the department has outsourced the maintenance contracts to trey parties. In order to meet the industry benchmarks, all aspects of Engineering, Quality, Planning, Logistics and Maintenance are effectively managed and implemented by highly skilled and well-experienced professionals who have extensive knowledge about the particularities of SCM process (Engineering Materials Management, 35).There is a Procurement character in the Emirates Engineering division that provides support to the airline operations by undertaking all contracting and outsourcing contracts of every commodity of aircraft that comprise of fleet, equipment, innocents, agent plants, catering services and many more. There are four roomy categories in the procurement department classified as power plans, airframe systems, confine and avionics. The entire team is implementing a precise process approach by working as a cross-functional team in such teams, the experts of all divisions are included to ensure that the supply chain requirements of the business are met at optimum level (Bhardawaj and Mitra, 60 Huan, Sunil and Ge, 24).This department bears the responsibility of managing kindly relations with suppliers for ensuring 100% satisfaction with the delivery and performance of the goods and services provided by them. In the airlines, quality of the aircraft is the utmost priority (Harrison and Remko, 140 Gunasekaran and E., 585) and Emirates Engineering section ensures that this area is never overlooked by the experts of the division.There is a typical focus team for warranty and product support that is responsible for carrying out an array of activities such as contracts management, compliance with digital recording of documents, ensuring presence of a safe and secured storage area for every contractual reinforcement and appropriate administration of warranty and guarantees (Engineering Materials Management, 50).SCM Network of Emirates AirlineThe present generate Chain network of Emirates Airline (Refer to vermiform appendix I) disregard be divided primarily into three main chains that are inter-linkedEmirates Engineering that is providing top quality aircraft and facilities within the fleet to the Emirates Group so that it can meet the requirements of its customers who are the passengers. growth Support Agreements (PSAs) are signed between the Procurement Department and supplier of the division who ensure that the airline is provided aircrafts in consonance with the specifications.The suppliers then have agreements with their suppliers named as direct suppliers who ensure that the finest raw materials are provided for manufacturing the fleet with precision.Value Chain Analysis of Emirates AirlineIn order to have effective management of procurement, operations and logistics department, it is vital for every organization to conducts its value chain depth psychology on an ongoing basis (Sisco and Joyce, 60). With the decent utilization of value chain anal ysis of entire SCM process, Emirates management team ensures that it befittingly allocates its resources for efficient management of muniment while adhering to the high quality standards required in the aviation industry (About Emirates Engineering, 34). The value chain analysis of Emirates Airline is explained below to briefly describe its activities as highlighted in Appendix IIThe product development section of marketing department conducts market research on frequent basis to generate ideas for new products and services and work on its feasibility policy to decide about the cost requirements in accordance with the service standards of the industry.The material management team, component management team and procurement team work with the suppliers to ensure there is effective co-ordination among the teams and ensuring that right suppliers are included in the PSAs and proper measures are taken in developing healthy relationships with them.The flight and ground operations depart ment of component management teams ensure that the inputs are effectively transformed into products of high quality that will add value to the airlines operational activities.Customer relations department which is an integral part of the after-sales service ensures that the passengers having any problem with their flights or baggage are properly handled. The personnel are trained in providing the superb service to the passengers both in-flight and on ground so that they have an excellent travelling experience.Human Resource department ensures that all employees are provided detailed information about the companys policies, strategies and rules so that they ensure compliance with the work standards. The employees are given sufficient training so that they can exceed the expectations of the customers.IT department has the main responsibility of ensuring that a well-developed SCM system is implemented and managed to brook efficient flow of information that will ease decision qualific ation processes for various departments of the airline.Finance department is responsible for controlling the costs of managing the operations along with ensuring maintenance of effective auditing procedures so that everything is conducted within the legal boundaries.Product Life Cycle Management at EmiratesAs the business environment is becoming competitive and challenging for the organizations, it has become vital for them to continuously call down and introduce new and innovative their product and service offerings to proficiently effect the changing demands of the customers (Handfield, Robert and Steven, 6 Subhramain et al., 5). In airlines, product life cycle management is become a pre-requisite for maintaining the competitive edge in the market. Similarly, Emirates has created a separate division Engineering Projects that assists the airline in employing the expertise of the professionals working in this department for evaluation, specification and negotiation of unique and new products and services.The entire process of product life cycle management is effectively monitored and the team guarantees that each and every step from generation of idea to the final delivery and word meaning are evaluated any problems identified are addressed instantly to subdue any issues after complete development of the product. Within the department, there are two teams that are working on the development of its service offerings one is Inflight Entertainment (IFE) team and other is Cabin Interior team (Engineering Projects, 3).The cypher team of IFE comprises of the specialists of products and professionals of IFE systems engineering. All team members are carefully selected to ensure that they have in-depth knowledge about IFE so that they can properly define, create and gear up an array of highly advanced and sophisticated inflight entertainment systems. A general product development process followed by IFE team is as follows source of all, the experts work closely with the Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) like Boeing and Airbus, product marketing and inflight services departments to develop a detailed list of the IFE system requirements. after the conceptualisation of the list, the product vision is established so that everyone has an idea about the product that they perceive to be ideal for the end consumers.In the design and exam process, development milestones are set and they are coordinated and monitored in a group form by seeking opinion from the seat manufactures, ordinal party suppliers, IFE suppliers and OEMs so that the process is carried out properly.The Buyer Furnished Equipment (BFE) list definition is referred for close monitoring of the IFE product specifications so that IFE system can support the new product generalization process.The team provides follow up and support in the installation and integration activities of IFE system.IFE product development specifications are verified to ensure compliance with the requi rements of the system.Inspection of the acceptance process of IFE system is done to ensure that support is provided for the existing IFE process.Before gaining entrance into the service, the spare move list is prepared for the spares procurement department so that the testimonial of the experts can be taken.In-house training along with IFE service readiness activities are organized so that adequate support can be provided for the new system.After developing the personnel, the product development team works with the appurtenant Type Certificate (STC) certification houses, airline base maintenance and installation teams so that retrofit processes can be effectively coordinated.After the complete development of new IFE service, a maintenance and overturnshooting manual is developed along with software all of these elements are designed, developed and delivered directly from the suppliers before the aircraft wholly introduces the new service.The cabin interiors team undertakes vari ous activities to ensure that the passengers have transcendent travelling experience by exceeding their expectations. This team has responsibility of perform a diverse range of activities which are as followsIntroducing unique and innovative features and amenities to enhance the comfort level of passengers.Developing the specifications for latest BFE products. paygrade and selection of the best suppliers for BFE products.Coordinating the technology and managing the program required for management of the items of BFE.Providing support to other department for facilitating smooth introduction of contemporary aircrafts that have been added to its fleet.Role of Information Technology (IT) in SCMAn effective SCM is one which has a strong IT system that will provide support to the organization in managing its operations effectively and robustly (Blanchard, 80 Gaudenzi and Antonio, 116). With the supporter of an efficient IT system, the gillyflower and warehousing costs are bring down to a great extremity efficiency of the production process is enhanced and inflight services are upgraded on unremitting basis to ensure that passengers are provided an extraordinary appealing and thrilling travelling experience.In order to have a highly productive SCM system, Emirates has installed an Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) system that is operated primarily by the Engineering Materials Management section the experts are responsible for developing the policies, processes and procedures for optimization of the inventory and earning high Return on Investment (ROI). The system is responsible for material provisioning, forecasting the demand of customers, planning of procurement, reviewing the stock level, storing and usage of materials, repairing and replacement of parts and disposal of materials (Christopher, 250).The team responsible for material provisioning has to perform four study functions i.e. establishment of optimum levels for re-ordering and safety maintenanc e, increase the number of requests required for by the way purchases to ensure that items are available on time, data is accurately stored and high standards of safety and quality policies are followed that are set by the agencies of the aviation industry. Similarly, the component management team deals with the high value and rotable assets of aircraft components so that sign provisioning and re-provisioning can be easily done. By ensuring the best SCM best practices, Emirates is maintaining the top quality standards of service levels in a cost-effective manner.Key issues and challenges of SCMAfter analysis and assessment of the SCM process implemented at Emirates, it can be concluded that it has an efficient and well-designed system that ensures that it has adequate stock of supplies and product development process is effective for managing the product life cycle of its product and service offerings (Deveshwar and Rupa, 194). The key challenges and issues that can be faced in SCM of Emirates are as followsGlobalization With the advent of globalization, the IT infrastructure needs to be compatible with the requirements of the corporations that will ensure that all variations encountered are effectively handled. Since Emirates is a global airline, it has to ensure that it has effective SCM system on all of its destinations so that there is proper management of its fleet the repair and maintenance services should be constant everywhere so that top quality of services is provided to every customer.Supply Chain disruption As SCM systems are based on IT infrastructure, there are chances that the system can get disrupted by any of unforeseen events such as interruption of IT system, improper functioning of the system, trouble in the airline systems that can affect the customer database and flight computer programming can be severely impacted and many more. If Emirates does not have a contingency plan for dealing with severe problem in SCM system, then it can ef fectively impact theMitigation of damage When SCM system is implemented in the organization, it is vital for the professionals to keep some manual records and avail the insurance policy option so that damage can be mitigated. Emirates has bought insurance policies to minimize any loss that can be encountered when supplies are either damaged or are not compatible with the quality standards of the aviation industry.Conclusion and RecommendationsFor every organization, it is important to have a well-integrated SCM system that will ensure that its supply chain strategy is complementing the business strategy. With the help of an effective SCM system, Emirates Airline and its consumers and partners can have quicker and on-time orders, production planning and inventory management is effectively done, high rate of order fulfillment rate is observed, forecasting is efficiently completed and performance of the company can be easily monitored.An organization strives to be the leader in its i ndustry by following a well-designed strategy that incorporates the companys mission, vision, values, goals and objectives so that it can earn its long-term competitive position in the market. Emirates has ensured that its SCM strategy is properly reorient with the business strategy. Every strategy in the SCM comprises of the plan that the company will implement for achieving its goal of capturing the target market and enhancing the satisfaction level of end consumers.The SCM strategy ensures that the logistics of the company are planned out in advance so that there is an adequate supply of raw materials, minimum level of inventory is maintained and the supply chain operations cost is reduced all of these measures ensure that Emirates Airline is able to generate an appropriate sum total of profit and maintain its strong position in the industry.

Rabbit Analysis :: essays research papers

In the poem, Rabbit, the topic is rabbits which represent children and how they put up be prey for one group and play for an opposite. In addendum to the rabbits representing children, I think that the child in the poem represents a enate figure and the dogs represent people in the outside world. This is supported in the theme which states that children should not be in such a energise to drive up because the outside world can be a cruel place. For example, the dogs dont hate them, merely emergency to / examine the cider of their blood, watch their / fur drift lazily toward October clouds / where geese infuriate them (11-14). This is a supporting text because it shows that children wont always be enured fairly and if they are in such a rush to grow up, they could face many problems early in life because they can olfactory property as though they do not belong anywhere. Also, this quotation is descriptive and works well in that it allowed me to paint a picture of how other p eople could perceive children as helpless and a form of un questing bait. To them, children are not just other humans they are a source of adventure and game. Furthermore, it says better that you hop directly back / demand your cage (7-8), which maintains that if the children are not protected and sheltered by their parents, their helping could become as bad as what is described above they could hold out a life in which the end of the negative path seems endless. It is dictum that the one place a child can feel golosh is in or at his/her house where he/she has cedar chips, the water system bottle full / and dripping next to wilted greens (8-9). It may not be the first place a child would want to go back to when he/she is in trouble but the picking will always there. This house is the childs safe oasis and protection from the outside world a place to feel safe, protected, and nourished. For example, the children run you apples. / Theyll rub your fur and bring / another and another (19-21). This text shows that no matter what happens the parents will be there to show care and hunch over for their children without asking any questions. I like how the author worded the three quotes from above.

The Linwood Method and the Bio-Medical Approach: Two of the Competing T

RUNNING HEAD Competing Theories for handlings of AutismThe Linwood Method and the Bio- aesculapian Approach Two of the Competing TheoriesFor the manipulation of Patients with AutismAbstractThe author of this paper gives and explanation of what autism is. He alike tells you a b it about Jeanne Simons and why she created the Linwood Method and what it is. Then, in addition, you are precondition a description of who Dr. Jacquelyn McCandless is and her reasons for creating the Bio-Medical Method. She also gives the main idea behind the Bio-Medical Method. entranceI have chosen the topic of autism because I have a family member that, at the age of two, was diagnosed as being autistic. I wanted to understand why he acts the way that he does. I also wanted to know what kids of treatments are out there maybe it could be some use to his family. I found two theories of treatment that were very(prenominal) different from each other. My goal is to describe what autism is and and then comp are then Linwood Method and the Bio-Medical Approach.What is Autism?Autism was not classified as a separate syndrome until 1943 by Doctor Leo Kanner, a child psychologist at John Hopkins Medical School. HE described it asEarly onset- possibly from birth, but certainly before age two and a halfSocial and unrestrained impairment- often shows up at birth&nb... ...around them. I have seen with my ingest eyes how much patience it takes to be the family of a child with autism. It takes a very special person or group of people to incubate it as well as I have seen.References Celiac Disease. subject field Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse. 30 April 2003http//www.niddk.nih.gov/health/digest/pubs/celiac/1Genes and Disease. The National Center for Biotechnology Information. 30 April 2003http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowSection&rid=gnd .section.234German Measles or Rubella. Medinfo. 30 April 2003http//www.medinfo.co.uk/conditions/rubella.htmMcCandless, Jacquelyn. Children With Starving Brains A Medical Treatment Guide ForAutism Spectrum Disorder. Canada Bramble Books, 2002Park, Clara Claiborne. Exiting Nirvana A Daughters Life with Autism. beginning(a) Edition. New York Little, Brown and Company, 2001Simons, Jeanne and Sabine Oishi. The Hidden Child The Linwood Method for scope The Autistic Child. Maryland Woodbine House, 1985

Computer Animator :: essays research papers

figurer Animators vitality as an art form has been around for almost one hundred years. From the earliest days of hand drawn cels, individual pictures strung together, to the complex rendition of 3-D virtual worlds, animation packs peoples lives. Do you wonder how the computing machine-animated movies are make or want to become a computer animator? Computer Animation is a fast growing field. There are legion(predicate) different areas to of animation, computer animation is what this paper is about, history of animation and how it came to be and how to get there and what computer animators do for their job is what is in this paper.Animation was first off developed in 1906 by Stuart Blackton, a young English-born adventurer. His first short assume, Humorous Phases of Funny Faces, was a sensation with audiences. Blacktons dissimulation was created by a very simple method, comical memorial tablets were drawn on a blackboard, then erased. The camera was stopped after each face wa s photographed. The stop-motion provided a startling effect as the facial expressions changed before the audiences eyes. A major breakthrough for animation came in 1915, when J. R. Bray was granted patents for his office of glassine paper. Bray created a two-dimensional look with his animation by lottery on a clear plastic sheet and then placing it everyplace a pre-drawn background. Max Fleischers rotoscope consisted of a drawing board, fitted with a piece of cover glass, and a motion picture projector mounted underneath which magnified a single frame of motion picture film onto the glass. When the figure on one frame had been traced onto translucent paper, a crank advanced the film to the next frame.People who choose a career path as a professional animator work in a challenging, fast-paced, and honor field. The resurgence in popularity of animation has re-opened countless opportunities for super creative individuals, with computer skills. The latest need for computer animator s is created by the expansion of the World wide-cut Web. Businesses of all types are hiring web developers to design web pages to promote their products and run to prospective customers who are accessing the Internet. Web developers and animators, use animated gifs, an image that appears to be alive, to display their talents in the hope of crossing the bridge to a complete time position in animation. The better the gif the brighter the future This is a highly competitive career choice and individuals most often find themselves commencement out at the bottom.

Qualitative Method Essay -- History, Greek

Qualitative methods can be traced back to the antique Greek historians. Herodotus, who is practically called the father of history, traveled widely in the quaint world and recounted in his Histories the stories he had heard from the muckle he met. His successors down(p) the ages recorded their postings of people that they encountered in their travels. These kinds of observations eventually became formalized in the contain of anthropology. In clinical look, qualitative methods were first used in suit of clothes histories, for instance, Breuer and Freuds (1895/1955) first cases, which began the psychoanalytic tradition, and Watson and Rayners (1920) force field of Little Albert, which helped take a crap the behavioral tradition. There is also a tradition of participant observation methods in mental health research, though they are more often conducted by sociologists than by psychologists. Classic examples of participant observation studies are Goffmans (1961) Asylums and R osenhans (1973) Sane in insane places study (Barker and Pistrang 2002).Qualitative research seeks to understand a social or human problem by means of an inquiry process. It is conducted in a natural setting and reports the views of informants in fat detail. Qualitative research strives to describe the extraordinarily complex nature of people and their perceptions of their hear in the specific social context in which the experience occurs. (Geertz, 1973). This is quite different than the paradigm of quantitative research. The afflictive material for qualitative research is ordinary language, as opposed to the numbers that are the raw material for quantitative research. The language may be obtained in many an(prenominal) ways. It may be the participants own descriptions of him or he... ...ings-Sanders & Anderson, 2003 Lawler, Dowswell, Hearn, Forster, & Young, 1999 as sited Schumacher, Koresawa, West, Dodd, Paul, Tripathy, Koo, Miaskowski, 2005). Others have used qualitative me thods to enhance their understanding of research participants who dropped bring out or did not adhere to the intervention (Jolly et al., 2003 as sited Schumacher et, al. 2005).In addition, detective have conducted qualitative interviews following an intervention study to elucidate the nub and interpersonal processes of the intervention, to elicit participants experiences of having received the intervention, to evaluate the intervention, or to explain study findings (Gamel, Grypdonck, Hengeveld, & Davis, 2001). In these studies, sequential research designs, in which qualitative inquiry precedes or follows the intervention study, are most common (Schumacher et, al. 2005).

Famous All Over Town by Danny Santiago Essay -- Famous All

Every individual has times in their keep where they see isolated and alone. When this occurrs a person will search for slipway to connect or feel important.. The person will do anything they potty to be noticed and appreciated. In the novel, Famous All Over Town, by Danny Santiago the main character, Chato, has many reasons to feel lonely. In al just approximately each aspect of his life he is being let down in one way or another. He has to try to deal with a family on the brink of f in alling apart, he has to go to a instruct which doesnt teach anything fun, and he has friends that atomic number 18 a bad influence on him. The novel reveals how he has to endure hardships, close of us do not move over, to get through a day. By the end of the novel the ref begins to understand why Chato starts to write on buildings all over town. For most individuals the home is a safe dependable environment when the world seems to be threatening. Ideally, family members support one another. This is not the case with Chato. His home is a push through where he feels the most isolated. One reason he might feel this way is because of all the secrets that are being kept in his home. What bothers Chato the most is the secret his sister, Lena, is keeping from everyone but their mother. He wants to ac slamledge from his sister the identity element of the man who is hiding his suitcase in their shed. She lies to Chato and tells him that the man is just a friend, but Chato finds out the truth. When he does, Lena isnt very happy with him and she says, Yourre a honker nosed metiche. Get out of my life. She continues, And dont expect me to kiss your ass..Go leading and tell my father you little snitch baby.(l0l) Maybe if the family was to a greater extent substantiating of one another they wouldnt find it necessary to keep se... ...him down. She might have written more paragraphs on each of her main points. There are many more examples in the novel. She had more thoroughly EXPLAINED how each of the condition quotations and situations she used showed that Chato was being let down and how he felt about it. The reader could have gained MORE insight into Chatos life. I wanted to stress more about the relationship between Chato and his family. I wanted to know more about WHY his sister was keeping secrets, and why Chato was so let down by her calling him a little snitch. It all sounded pretty much like ordinary bickering between a brother and a sister to me. I wanted her to better exempt WHY Chato was being let down.Overall, I just wanted to know MORE. She needed to develop each of these examples more fully. She needed to get more into the feelings of Chato and explain them to her reader.

Software Ethics :: Software Technology Computers Essays

softw are Ethics Cases Studies of Patent and Copyright Failures Copyrights and palpables are used to protect a veritable expressions of ideas and processes. These laws are intended to protect the inventor(s). But how useful are they? What is the computer industries track record in protecting inventions? What are we doing discussing moral philosophy anyway? This paper result present a series of slipperiness studies which will illustrate how copyrights and patents have failed to protect inventors. After that discussion, the paper will examine whether there is an ethical view which could justify the failure of the patent and copyright laws. intellectual property1 laws have been around for some(a) time. Inventors and creators had been and are cool it relying on copyright and patent laws to protect their inventions. The question naturally arises wherefore are they protecting their inventions and creations? there are a number of reasons. rootage of all, the majority of in ventors feel that after spending sometimes years of saturated work inventing a solution to a particular problem, they ought to get some benefit, recognition, or reward from society. In my opinion, these days many inventors are non from the upper class rich politicians as was the case up to most 100 years ago. Therefore, owning and trading intellectual property can be a means of survival for a person, an organization, and a country. More importantly, it allows an private to negotiate with a large company. The laws can protect the small against the big.Intellectual property laws dont always protect a bingle person. They can protect a company or many companies. A company can dedicate some employees to invent a certain component of a system and patent it or copyright it. This may protect the company in a variety of ways, one of which is that another(prenominal) company cannot hire away engineers and have them re-develop that same component.Another pauperism for intellectua l property laws is to showcase that if you work hard, invent something useful, or sort out a significant problem, you will be rewarded. This gives incentive for others to be productive, contribute, and invent.There is a lot of controversy whether the concept of patents and copyrights are applicable to the digital age, by offering the protection of software. This paper argues that software is different and cannot be protected by copyrights or patents.