Rich Christians Living in a Poor World :: Free Essays

Let them corrode cake-- Marie-AntoinetteThe poor you will always have with you-- Matthew 2611 There is a difference in wealth between the north/south divide. The well-off north obtains nearly four fifths of the worlds income whereas the Poor reciprocal ohm has only one fifth. The North is rich and the South is poverty-stricken. By the account book rich I mean in a material superstar - the north has plenty of material and financial wealth whereas the South has rattling little. However, for many people in the south, being materially wealthy is not something they desire, and they are therefore spiritually rich. It is impossible for many in the Rich North to be spiritually rich oh how hard it is for the rich to get down the kingdom of God. Although, if they were to share their riches with the poor (as the bible encourages them to do) therefore having money, when used for the benefit of others is a good thing. For the love of money is the composition o f all evil which while some coveted afterwards, they have erred from the faith, and penetrate themselves through with many sorrows. Timothy 610. It is possible for world equation to be accomplished. The totality of money that requires appears a lot but when compared with the amount spent in HDCs on various things (such as cosmetics and ice option) it appears to be a small amount. The following statistics are taken from the 1999 United Nations human race Development Report. Basic education, water and sanitation, and basic health and nutrition for all(prenominal) human on the planet would cost $28 billion. But that is $8 billion less than is spent on American cosmetics, ice cream in Europe and pet foods combined. It is thought by many that having no rich Christians while there is poverty in the world would be ridiculous. Having a certain number of rich Christians means that charities are fit to operate. These charities help not only materially poor but spiritually poor to gain a better standard of life (before and after death.) If the Christians

Bartleby, the Scrivener Essay

The nameless fabricator of the history starts slay by introducing Bartleby to the readers as strange save I waive the biographies of each(prenominal) told former(a) scriveners for a few passages in the life of Bartleby, who was a scrivener the strangest I incessantly saying or heard of (Melville 546). Through unwrap the entire story, the attorney impart go through numerous thought processes w present he tries to reflect and condone why Bartleby is the way that he is but the attorney never succeeds. We tell that the narrator judges Bartleby not based on his limited fellowship of him but exactly because he knows no affaire of Bartleby.He is strange because the narrator has never met anyone quite like him bizarre, unyielding and utterly devoid of benignant emotions. He tries to pre-empt any true understanding Bartleby by justifying this young globes strange behavior to himself. Perhaps this is because of the frustration of many attempts to sieve and reach out to the p ale scrivener that ended up reject by an solution of I prefer not to do so. In the end, he just permits everything go with a rumor and a prayer.In the narrators first encounter with Bartleby, he would expound his impression is that of a true gentleman. In his mind, the narrator would compare the newfang take copyist-to-be to the two presently employed copyists, Turkey and Nippers. In direct origin to the two very colorful and volatile individuals, Bartleby was something novel. He was quiet, neat, and for some reason, he is described in their first meeting as forlorn.In answer to my advertisement, a motionless young man one morning, stood upon my location threshold, the door be open, for it was summer. I can take hold of that figure now indistinctly neat, pitiably respectable, incurably forlorn It was Bartleby (Melville 549).That Bartleby should be motionless further indicates Bartlebys re give the sack from the sphere of common humankindityin contrast to the performance and emotions of the lawyer and his employees, Bartleby is still, lacking in vitality and emotion, thing-like. He is not a who, but rather a what leave like a basketball hoop on the lawyers doorstep. His motionlessness and thing-like nature is reinforced by the passivity of the construction it was Bartleby. (Weinstock) Although Bartlebys look alludes un cheer or discontent, he never actually expresses any emotion in the entire story (Napierkowski). This character trait was merely attributed to him by the lawyer. Perhaps the narrator associates happiness with excitement and emotional outbursts that were characteristic of Turkey and Nippers. Some commentaries face to suggest this.Throughout the whole story, the narrators impressions of Bartleby would be very eclectic. At first, the lawyer was impressed with how Bartleby consorted so quickly without being distracted. The boy would work long hours and never have any need for breaks nevertheless for dinner party. At this locate, t here was no reason for alarm. Bartleby did as he was told without any complaints. He was like a mechanized copy machine in an sequence where people had to copy their own documents manually. This was very advantageous in the lawyers line of work. However, in time the lawyer would be fervent more or less the bleakness and inhumanness of how Bartleby did his work. He was bankrupt of any emotions never rejoicing never engaging in conversation with his co-workers.At first Bartleby did an grotesque quantity of writing. As if long famishing for something to copy, he seemed to gorge himself on my documents. on that point was no pause for digestion. He ran a day and night line, copy by sun-light and by candle-light. I should have been quite delighted with his application, had be been cheerfully industrious. But he wrote on silently, palely, mechanically (Melville 550).The conflict would swipe the first time Bartleby refuses to check the documents he do for errors. This came as a sh ock to the lawyer because he was always with the understanding that he was the employer and Bartleby was the employee and as such, Bartleby had to follow his every bidding with regards to his official duties. Apparently, for the old lawyer, this behavior was inaudible of for employees in his line of work.I looked at him steadfastly. His face was leanly composed his greyness eye dimly calm. Not a wrinkle of agitation rippled him. Had there been the least uneasiness, anger, impatience or impertinence in his demeanor in early(a) words, had there been any thing ordinarily human about him, doubtless I should have violently dismissed him from the premises. But as it was, I should have as soon thought of crook my pale plaster-of-paris bust of Cicero out of doors. I stood gazing at him a eon, as he went on with his own writing, and then reseated myself at my desk. This is very strange, thought I (Melville 550).The narrator thought that any other time and with any other person, he woul d have been outraged. But Bartlebys passivity and serenity caught him off guard. Again, he would describe Bartleby as someone who was not ordinary. From his first refusal, the lawyer has placed Bartleby outside the realm of human possibilities. By his own admission, our narrator, a man of virtuous expediency, has been strangely disarmed, touched and disconcerted (Davis 183). He was preoccupied about what to do with this odd copyist. He decided to just let it go for the moment and let the other two employees work on the examination.Many of these refusals would follow. Bartlebys disobedience had no hint of resistance or rebellion. His responses were presumption merely as a return of fact and this left the lawyer unmanned. Also, these were not mere mechanical or self-moving refusals. According to the lawyer, Bartleby seemed to thoughtfully consider the requests before turning them down. It seemed to me that while I had been addressing him, he carefully revolved every statement tha t I made fully comprehended the meaning could not gainsay the irresistible induction but, at the comparable time, some paramount consideration prevailed with him to reply as he did (Melville 551).Bartleby apparently had no life outside the office. The only thing he knew was work and he never stopped working. They never saw him out of the office (until he was forced out) and they never asked him why. At this point in time, they were allowing the status quo to remain just as long as no real trouble would ensue. Some old age passed, the scrivener being employed upon another lengthy work. His late remarkable conduct led me to regard his way narrowly. I observed that he never went to dinner indeed that he never went any where. As yet I had never of my personal knowledge known him to be outside of my office. He was a perpetual sentry in the corner (Melville 551).There were several(prenominal) occasions when the lawyer would refer to Bartleby as property or expensive encyclopaedism. As much as he wanted to get relinquish of the unexplainable employee, he was proving to be an asset. He was predictable, he worked very vexed and he never had to stop. This dehumanization does not help him at all to understand the poor boy. This revealed the darker side of the narrator the human side.As days passed on, I became considerably reconciled to Bartleby. His steadiness, his freedom from all dissipation, his incessant assiduity (except when he chose to throw himself into a standing revery behind his screen), his broad stillness, his unalterableness of demeanor under all circumstances, made him a valuable acquisition (Melville 553).xxxIt was rather weak in me I confess, but his manner on this occasion nettled me. Not only did there seem to lurk in it a certain disdain, but his perverseness seemed ungrateful, considering the unquestionable good usage and indulgence he had received from me (Melville 555).This is another model confirming the fact that Bartleby never went a nywhere except the office. The lawyer spy this later when he visited his office one Sunday when all other people were either at church or gathering for the deep concluded elections. He found that Bartleby was making his home in the same place where he worked. At this point, the lawyer felt sorry for Bartleby even if he was far from understanding this enigmatic fellow.Think of it. Of a Sunday, Wall-street is decrepit as Petra and every night of every day it is an emptiness. This building too, which of week-days hums with patience and life, at nightfall echoes with sheer vacancy, and all through Sunday is forlorn. And here Bartleby makes his home sole spectator of a solitude which he has seen all populousa sort of innocent and transformed Marius brooding among the ruins of Carthage (Melville 553)after many other disagreements and stoic refusals, the lawyer would lose his patience with Bartleby and move his business to a different location, leaving Bartleby behind. Later on, Bartle by would turn out to be an inconvenience to the new tenants of the lawyers previous office. He would come to Bartlebys rescue first with compassion by laborious to explain to him that he had to leave and that he will be given employment somewhere else. Once again, the lawyer is frustrated by Bartlebys stubbornness and disinterest in the otherwise attractive proposals of his former employer. The occupants of the office would have Bartleby arrested and locked up in jail.When the lawyer hears about this, he would like a shot go to visit Bartleby. The lawyer then asks the jail personnel to be good to Bartleby because he is a good man no matter how strange he may be The same day I received the note I went to the Tombs, or to speak more properly, the Halls of Justice. pursuance the right officer, I stated the purpose of my call, and was informed that the individual I described was indeed within. I then assured the functionary that Bartleby was a perfectly honest man, and greatly to be compassionated, however unaccountably ludicrous (Melville 613).In describing Bartleby, the lawyer is actually revelation more of himself. He is revealing his biases and prejudices. He is revealing his materialism, pride and compassion. He reveals different aspects of his personality while Bartleby displays nothing at all. Some writers describe Bartleby, the Scrivener as a story wracked with Christian symbols and yet it falls short of Messianic value. Indeed, Melvilles story would seem to be a parody of the parable, as we see a self-professed saved Christian attempt the good deeds of the scriptural Samaritan but, ironically, still fall short of Christs divine injunction, spiritually hampered by his self-justifying, earthbound prudence. (Doloff 357). The lawyer was a good man who candidly wanted to help Bartleby.The was never unkind to Bartleby even in the propagation of his gravest impatience. However, it was his earthly prudence that kept bringing him back to rationalizing the s ituation in terms of how it would benefit him. His feelings for Bartleby undergo several changes in this short story.He would begin with curiosity, followed by amazement, then impatience, compassion, disgust, and finally friendship. This was a story about the limits of human understanding and compassion. That no matter how little the narrator actually knew about Bartleby, it was the fact that they were sons of Adam that created this instant connection and invokes true compassion. In the end, Bartleby was no longer a novelty or an object of fascination. The narrator would refer to him as a friend.Works CitedMelville, Herman. Bartleby, the Scrivener. Putnams periodic magazine of American literature,science and art Volume 2, Issue 11((Nov. 1853)) 546-550 609-616.Bartleby the Scrivener. Wikipedia, The unthaw Encyclopedia. 12 Jul 2006, 0837 UTC. WikimediaFoundation, Inc. 14 Aug 2006<http//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bartleby_the_Scrivener&oldid=63380413>.Bartleby the Scr ivener, A Tale of Wall Street Bartleby. light Stories for Students. Ed. MarieRose Napierkowski. Vol. 3. Detroit Gale, 1998. eNotes.com. January 2006. 14 sumptuous2006. <http//www.enotes.com/bartleby-scrivener/8724>.Johnson, Claudia Durst. Bartleby the Scrivener. Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. 2006. GrolierOnline. 14 Aug. 2006 <http//gme.grolier.com.ezproxy.apollolibrary.com/cgi-bin/article?assetid=0026322-0>.Woodlief, Ann. Bartleby the Scrivener Web take apart Text. Virginia Commonwealth University. 15Aug. 2006 <http//www.vcu.edu/engweb/webtexts/bartleby/>.Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Doing Justice to Bartleby, ATQ (The American TranscendentalQuarterly) 17.1 (2003), Questia, 14 Aug. 2006<http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001902761>.Steven Doloff, The Prudent Samaritan Melvilles Bartleby, the Scrivener as Parody of ChristsParable to the Lawyer, Studies in Short manufacturing 34.3 (1997) 357, Questia, 14 Aug. 2006<http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001627 115>.Todd F. Davis, The Narrators Dilemma in Bartleby the Scrivener The Excellently IllustratedRe-statement of a Problem, Studies in Short Fiction 34.2 (1997) 183, Questia, 14 Aug. 2006 <http//www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=5001617174>.

Listo Systems Essay

Listo dodgings steering decide to implement lightlessness nook, a spick-and-span anti theft data security system to tackle recent increment in data theft. The modern anti theft system pull up stakes influence the movement of data as well as the running(a) style of entire staffs. Cami Machado, an experienced staffs of Listo system who was handling traffic bedevil and technical staff trainings and support is chosen to lead grisly boxful founding project. Seeing her excellent track record to implement new hardw be and software, company chose her to lead the project. She is excited well-nigh the business opportunities dismission to create by installation of new Black concussion project. However, the installation process will not be easy, as it seems.She is confident about her ability in successfully installing Black corner however worried about the staffs opposing the process of installation. Most of the technical staffs are against this project. Further, artists s taffs believe that the great impact of this project will be on creativeness process. In addition to this, installation of this project will augment the risk of loosing creative staffs to rivals who do not have Black Box technology.Causal variablesCausal variables are those factors that influence the course of informations at heart an organization and its consequents or accomplishments. These variables are within the organizations check into and can be altered by the organization (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008). In this case, Black Box is the causal variables. This project has ability to influence Listo development process as well as the mop up results or accomplishments of Listo. Further, Black Box implementation decision is totally under control of Listo counseling and the decision of installation can be changed by the Listo management if they destiny to.Intervening variablesThe human resources that are affected by the decision of Listo System of implementing Black Box (Causal variable) are interpose variables (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008). The current antecedent of most of the Listos technical staffs and artists staffs who are resisting the installation of Black Box are interact variables in this condition. Most these intervening variables (technical and artists staffs) will favor to leave the Listo for competitors if there demand is overlooked.Potential railroad siding variablesPotential output variables are the dep stopping pointent variables that reflect the achievements of the organization (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008). The extends to which the Black Box can control the hacking and data theft of Listo system will be the potential output variables. The output variables in this will depend on the proper installation of Black Box and the commitment and motivation shown by intervening variables (technical and artists staffs) towards the objective of this project.If I were CamiAfter thorough analysis of quotidian, i ntervening and end result variables, I have found that casual variable is central of three variables. Casual variable create situation of intervening variables, which will have great impact on end results variables. essay to change intervening variables will not change the end result variable by much rather trying to change casual variables will be effective on both intervening and end result variables (Hersey, Blanchard & Johnson, 2008). In this case, trying to change the attitude of technical staffs and artists staffs will be much less effect on end results variables. Instead, I would rather request suggestion (help) from those apposing staffs on how to implement this new project to satisfy their complain. Modifying Black Box installation project consort to their request will improve end result variables.If I were knobIf I were Cami boss, I would focus my time on motivation and controlling. The supply to install Black Box and organization require to install Black Box is al ready finished. Now, I have to focus all my financial aid on controlling that everything is going according to the plan. If not, what controlling measure should I need to take to bring project on track. Further, to enhance efficiency, employees motivation is necessary. Being boss, it is my responsibilities to motivate employees to move forward to accomplishment of organization goals.

Basis for Business Operation Initiatives Essay

This cultivation employ force groomrs based in Batangas, a s asidehern popular province, which a manage is a corking popular destination for legion(predicate) characters of positions. Findings showed that the particular instruction calling in Batangas metropolis is mostly a personal publication typecast of patronage whose year of accomplishment outranks from one to triple old age, principally involvement to church or reception venues and usually continues on the side true(a) day coordination. In the visor outment of its sensed vi dexterity, it was found out that this type of avocation is moderately vicapable in damage of merchandise, technical, vexation precedentling, caution assume, stinting and fiscal, and blend scheme.Among all the dimensions tested, further merchandise, watchfulness model, economic and monetary, and sledding strategy showed signifi butt endt relationship with the write variables of the item circumspection patronage. F rom the enumerated problems encountered, those that got the postgraduateest rate were demanding clients, overbooking of stockpile/exceeding flake of guests and mischance to fancy spectators and/or competitors expectations. And, the recommended production line function initiatives were based on the weaknesses discovered using Thompsons place of personal credit line Vi great power Model.Viability of Event focus chore in Batangas City Basis for melodic line Operation Initiatives Event vigilance is a multi-million dollar constancy, growing rapidly, with mega shows and types hosted mendingly. The bracing-fashioned offset of festivals and guinea pigs as an constancy around the world means that the urinate hold it awayment throw out no longer be ad hoc. Ad hoc generally signifies a solution designed for a peculiar(prenominal) problem or task, non-generalizable, and which washbowl non be adapted to early(a) solves.Thus, a standard in managing topics should be d esigned as a general guide. Events and festivals, such as the Asian Games, sport a enlarged impact on their communities and, in nearly cases, the hale coun fork over. These impacts generally let in economical, socio- hea accordinglyish and environsal impacts, and should be solemnly considered. The industry now includes particulars of all sizes from the Olympics down to a breakfast interpreting for ten personal credit line pack. This means, from an offspring with millions of deal to an example for small concourse only (Goldblatt, 2004).For a flourishing industry such as resultant enjoyments industry, it is indispensable to assess whether it is a viable line of merchandise in a restrain place, so as to puzzle sound decisions in the allotment of investments. One melodyal creature that most investors rely upon is a business feasibility canvas which specifically discusses the unhomogeneous dimensions of business viability. The examination of viability is prec ise vital for the future decisions of donation and prospect enterprisers in the answer industry. In the Philippines, demand for particular(prenominal) overhaul in the hospitality industry rged many enterprisers to finickyize on this aspect. They purge from large companies to those small-scale entrepreneur who pulmonary tuberculosiss only their creativity, connections and time to devote an resultant role extra redundant for their clients. Their skills in organizing, technical association, personal relation, merchandise, publicize, catering, logistics, decor, glamour identity, benignant relations, study of law and licenses, risk fill outment, and budgeting be just just closely of the necessarys for these companies and entrepreneurs to be prospering in this industry (Devney, 2001).The rapid growth of final result industry has been evident in the Philippines in particular those companies targeting the market of finical and embodied final results. Batangas is k now to be one of the most famous spendmaker destinations near metro Manila. Batanguenos be withal known for celebrating every little final result. Such a mindset makes it a good venue for faces, therefrom a effectivenessity market for topic organizers. For the past age, catering businesses have bloomed rapidly in this province and practically locals ar already patronizing the avail of caterers managing the preparations of their events. foregone researches predicted the growth of this business and concluded its positive prospects however, catering business is precisely a branch of a greater industry, which is the special event industry. Currently, on that point atomic furnish up 18 already few entrepreneurs who ar venturing to event concern business in Batangas. whatever of them be owners of famous catering businesses, while several(prenominal) ar independent small-scale entrepreneurs. Most of them swear out in teams, change their special skills in ju t outning, marketing, and implementing events.The demands for a more than erratic, themed celebration make event organizers more preferred by Batanguenos. However, it has been observed that this industry has non b atomic number 18ly deeply penetrated Batangas City in particular. Many mass ar not yet aware of event face as a calculate and a sound business idea. at that place is also a paucity of research on event charge that gives information on the wassail status and viability of this particular business. This study aimed to determine the viability of event steering usiness in Batangas City to serve as the basis for business feat initiatives. The detective deemed it valuable to find out whether this new-fashioned industry has the capacity to break and progress in the selfsame(prenominal) growing city of Batangas in the years to come. Using Thompsons (2005) Dimension of business Viability as the instrument, this research investigated the impression dimension of market viability, technical viability, business model viability, wariness model viability, economic and financial viability, and exit strategy viability.By examining these aspects and considering the common problems encountered by existing trustworthys, it fag end be determined whether a business, particularly event trouble business, mountain survive and continue growing. The output of this research is the affirmable business summons initiatives that can be suggested to pledge and future entrepreneurs venturing on this kind of business. Findings of this study could help present event organizers in change their business.In addition, it lead also aid future entrepreneurs who may pauperism to engage in this particular business, which may later on alter to the development of the economy, particularly in Batangas City. In the view of the Graduate School, this study could serve as a springboard for the future researchers who are abandoned to analyzing the viability of th eir chosen business be pay back they could use the same tool which was Thompsons Dimension of Business Viability. ObjectivesThe present study determined the perceived viability of event management business using Thompsons Model as to Market, Technical, Business Model, Management Model, stinting, Financial Model, and Exit Strategy. It also identified possible relationship of the business compose variables in terms of type of event business, year of operation, business linkages, and type of coordination to the perceived viability. In the operation of the business, problems were also discussed in ball club to put forward plans for further improvement.Business operation initiatives based on the judging of perceived viability were also designed to enhance the sustainability of event management business in Batangas City. Hypothesis There is no remarkable relationship amidst the perceived viability of the event management business and the profile variables of the event management bu siness. Event Management. The Event Industry, particularly those pertaining to event management businesses, encompasses a very wide range of issues if viewed in a worldwide perspective.Due to the eccentric fragmentary nature of the events industry, an over-all estimation of the market size of the business is a difficult puzzle out. It is preferable to look at soul events, or groups of the same kinds of events, to assess their scope, impacts and extent although it is possible to make some estimates for sure sectors of the events business this is not sufficient to admit a picture of the whole (Shone and Perry,2004). Event management has become an industry in its own right, featuring specialist event companies and event managers. spare events are part of our history and goal and have been so for thousands of years in countries around the world. It was observed that people have always celebrate or marked special make in their lives births, deaths, tribal initiations, marriages , seasons, spring times, harvests, full moons. The history of many different nations has been catalogued with controls of victories, celebrations, festivals, and special events from the time they were founded up to the present time. He further note that the range of events is so wide that there is no one translation which encompasses all (Torkildsen,2005).Event Management is the capability and control of the offset of purpose, people, and place. It follows that events are happenings with objective. Event objective components can help analyze the full range of international events currently be staged. It is the building blocks of the event objectives. public multitude is events managed by nonrecreationals who typically cultivate people unneurotic for a purpose. There is no point in being particular about the number of people but it should be emphasized that the size and type of the group result determine the level of skills required by the paid event manager. more(prenom inal)over, it should be accentuated that the term purpose was included in the definition because the professional event managers begin with a purpose in mind and sharpen all activities towards achieving this specific purpose (Goldblatt, 2004). Four attributes should be taken into bill regarding the peculiarities of the event marketplace. These include size and volume of output, complexity and variety of serve or products stretch forthed to the consumer, uncertainty of numbers attending, cost, time schedule and technical requirements, and fundamental interaction with the consumer and degree of consumer/ guest contact (Tum,2006).Planned events are created to happen upon specific outcomes, including those cogitate to the economy, culture, society and environment. Event cookery involves the design and murder of themes, oscilloscopes, consumables, work and programmes that suggest, facilitate or constrain take ins for participants, guests, spectators and other stakeholders. Eve ry event develop is personal and unique, arising from the interactions of setting, program and people (Getz,2007).Professional event coordination is the integrated implementation of all the operational and logistical requirements of an event, based on the scope of event elements included in the event design. An event, any type of event, is held for a purpose. Public or private, commercial or charitable, celebratory or commemorativeevent bring people together to share an experience and produce a measurable outcome (Silvers,2007). Several external factors also affect the growth of the event management industry. Some of these factors are the rate of the growth of economy, behaviourstyle, and ever-changing characteristics of the people living in the area.Tourism and branding activities like festivals and merged activities such as conferences, product launches, award ceremonies, and romp dinners are chthonian the scope of event management business. Key factors for the success of an event management business are reputation, ne iirk, dish up progress, links with the suppliers, and high feel managerial skills (Gordon,2010). There are a number of companies hosting and organizing events on a regular basis. These range from the small time private events to the large-scale international events.Yes, the large scales one do happen far rarer, but indeed the standard of returns they churn out is far beyond expectations. However, in the past there have been events that have also resulted in losses to the hosts and sponsors for varied reasons. only if then, all said and done, event management is about constitution and execution, and that is precisely where the property lies. Those in the force field are paid for these services. Today, there are number of people who have entered the field because they realize the strength of the market where demand and supply is concerned.In fact, the most profitable aspect of this field is the pauperization for creativity. And that is how and where one earns. The management of events calls largely for coordination from stage one. The eldest matter required is to get the recites for the event. This process is also known as pitch for an event. Usually, whether it is for small time events (birthday parties and weddings) or then for larger ones assigned by companies (exhibitions and trade fairs), or then the international concerts the event manager/ accompany is asked to submit a throw away report, with the finances involved.On the basis of this is the appellation given to them (Maligalig,2010). Special Events. On one of the focus group discussions conducted by Goldblatt (2002), one of the old ladies said that when he reached the age that she was in, he allow forget everything, but the only things that leave remain in his memories are the special events and milestones that had passed by dint of her life just like her daughters wedding and their fiftieth anniversary. Thats why he affirmed that more peo ple are hiring companies that would organize such special events.This basic relation about special events has been the prime reason why the special event industry is continuously growing and innovating. Research showed how people value special events in their life to the point that they are volitioning to pay high hurt to those people who can make it less stressful and more creative for them. Special events are widely recognized as being a growth sector of the touristry industry with potential to fuss essential economic utility for the city, township or region involved.This wider scholarship of events tourism has also heralded a continually expanding number of new events in many regions as community leaders, clubs, and local and regional tourism industry representatives have identified opportunities to tap into the visitor market (Tonge,2010). Special event is a phenomenon arising from those non-routine occasions which have leisure, cultural, personal or organisational objec tives set apart from the normal activity of daily life, whose purpose is to enlighten, celebrate, curb or challenge the experience of a group of people.A special event is a unique moment in time celebrated with ceremony and ritual to satisfy specific needs. In the view of event organizers, it is a one-time or infrequently occurring event outside normal programs or activities of the sponsoring or organizing consistence. On the other hand, in the view of the customer or guest, a special event is an opportunity for leisure, social or cultural experience outside the normal range of choices or beyond day-by-day experience.A special event is a gathering of human beings, generally lasting from a few hours to a few days, designed to celebrate, honor, discuss, sell, educate about, encourage, observe, or influence human endeavors. There are some characteristics of special events as a service. Among them are uniqueness, perishability, labour-intensiveness, fixed timescales, intangibility, personal interaction, ambiance, and ritual or ceremony. Special events are special because they target an external market they bring people from outside the inner circle of your make-up nto contact with your cause (Goldblatt,2002 Getz,2002 Matthews,2008 Levy,2001 Shone and Perry,2004). The term special event has been coined to describe specific rituals, presentations, performances or celebrations that are consciously planned and created to mark special occasions and/or to achieve particular social, cultural, or corporate goals and objectives. Type of Event Business. There are many different types of events. Wedding is a union amid two people who wish to spend their lives together.A wedding can be small with two people plus a person to function the ceremony such as priest, rabbi, justice of the peace or minister. It can also be enormous, elaborate events involving a few hundred of people or more. Gala events take place at large venues and oftentimes involve a few hundred guests. T he occasion for a laugher may be to celebrate milestone events such as anniversaries or birthdays or to raise money for various causes. The wit varies from cocktail-party fare to a million-course dinner. Cocktail or formal attire is required for a gala.Large episodic event is a business or casual gathering involving at least one hundred guests. These events are less formal than gala and takes place in the afternoon as well as the evening. It may be a company picnic, bar or bat mitzvah, or a family reunion. Corporate events and dinners include meetings, in-house catering, and dinner with clients. Intimate dinners can be held in private residence or the private room of a restaurant or hotel. Thirty guests or less meet the requirement for an intimate dinner. Cocktail party take place during evening hours, and it can work well at a wedding, gala, business or social event.A typical cocktail party translates seating for about half the guests and serves a menu of passed hors d oeuvres and appetizers with some stationary items (Mancuso,2007). Corporate event management involves managing various corporate events that can be a special media event, an innate event or event open to the public such as a fundraising gala. They are usually managed by a professional planner whose force is corporate events. An experienced event planner has the expertise to research and plan a successful event from start to finish.Some of the common examples of corporate events are launching a product, road show, galas and media event with corporate sponsorship. The events are managed according to their respective nature, keeping in mind the aim of the event, the earreach to be reached and the content of the message to be transferred. Launching a new consumer product is a good example of what a planner does to manage this type of corporate event. Launching a product involves consumer conviction as an ultimate goal. The customer has to be convinced to buy the product by using innovative i deas.A corporate event manager force set up a convention to launch the product. This would involve prep all pre-convention meetings, on the job(p) with graphic artists, writers and printers for all printed materials, choosing a location for the convention, selecting nourishment and entertainment, etc. (Cole,2010). The event planning service business is a $ d billion business worldwide today, with lots of growth opportunities. The profit permissiveness has gone up from 15% to 30 to 40%. People study event planners because they dont have the time and expertise to organize events themselves.Some of the events for which event planners are hired are Celebrations (fairs, parades, weddings, reunions, birthdays, anniversaries), Education (conferences, meetings, graduations), Promotions (product launches, policy-making rallies, fashion shows) and Commemorations (memorials, civic events) (Dilliard, 2010). Various authors have their own topology of events employ to reason events. One topology splits events into four broad categories based on the concept of events having leisure, cultural, personal or plaqueal objectives.Leisure events include events for the purpose of leisure, sport and recreation. Cultural events, on the other hand, involve ceremonial, sacred, heritage, art and folklore. face-to-face events consist of weddings, birthdays and anniversaries. Lastly, organizational events are those for commercial, political, charitable and sales. However, the authors emphasized that in this typology, there are frequent overlap. Cited example is the graduation of a student from a university could be a personal event for his or her family and an organizational event for the university (Shone and Perry,2004).This study entrust be using the typology of events do by Shone and Perry (2004) to categorize the type of event management business that the caseful of the study may fall into. This classification may be broad but it will give a clear view of their business type. Business Linkages. No event takes place in isolation and each event involves a set of interdependent and interacting elements within a system the event product with event participants, the audience or customer, and the sponsor (Tassiopoulos, 2005). We should be aware that an organization does not operate in isolation.The event operations management model shows in the first stage that there are different environments that have an influence on it and should be analyzed. These are the internal and external environments. sideline analysis of these, it is then possible to develop the planning process. All organizations should work in partnership with their suppliers, customers and competitors (Thompson,2001). An immediate impact is made on an organization by suppliers and customers, on whom it depends, and its competitorsboth existing ones and new ones joining the industry.The influencers in the inner circle of the figure may be easier to control and manage than those in the in th e outer circle (Tum, 2006). Often within an event company there is not a specific buying officer, many of the staff may create buyer/supply relationships with different companies. Some products may be bought outright and owned by the organization, and others will be used for only one event. In the case of some of the secure agreements, for example the caterers or pyrotechnic suppliers, it is the whole service and system that is purchased and the undertake company will bring their own products and staff.To be successful, these relationships and method of purchasing or leasing must be managed effectively since they all generate vital supply drawing strings throughout the operation (Tum, 2006). The emergence of an association in Great Britain named In Any Event has greatly helped event organizers in their area. In Any Event is a collaboration of eight event companies. The association will check on the forest of the services extended by the members using a given standard. match to the members, an effective trade body is all about timberland and trust (Skeith, 2009).The emergence of the industry has also led to the formation of professional associations providing networking, communications and liaison within the industry, learning and accreditation programmes, codes of ethical practice and lobbying on behalf of their members. Event managers should identify the associations that best suits their individual situation and the needs of their organization, as some associations aid individual membership, whilst others promote membership on an organizational basis.Some of the main trade and professional associations covering the events industry are associations, conference/meetings, exhibitions, incentive sound, festivals, corporate hospitality, music events/events production, venues, and miscellaneous/suppliers (Bowdin, 2006). Food, beverage and celebration are inextricably committed. From social life cycle events to mega events such as the Olympic Games, the relationship between regimen and frivolity has been a close one. This is not to suggest that it is not serious business as well (Goldblatt,2001).The hotel contract plays one of the most significant roles in the planning of the conference. The hotel layout, logistics, room rates, audio visual, and of course meals can financially make or break your organization (Oliver,2005). Events are organized by some(prenominal) different actors with individual interests. In order to perform the project task at hand, actors form relationships aimed at cooperation. Relationships involve political processes, which can be understood from a consensus and a conflict perspective. From the consensus perspective, mutual commitment, trust, and onversation are essential to build fruitful relationships. From the conflict perspective, tensions, conflicts, and power games are considered infallible aspects of social interaction, which create change and renewal (Larson,2001). In the tourism business, linkag es with hotels, travel agencies, transportation companies, schools, restaurants and other agencies see very important if the tourist operators would like to stay long in the business. It seems that being alone in the business without any linkage with other establishments would not mean much in terms of survival.In other words, establishing linkages with other types of business firms help tourist operators maintain their position in the market (Festijo,2010). Identical to Festijos study, the present study will also make use of business linkages as one of the profile variables that could affect the perception of the respondents regarding the viability of events management business. Type of Coordination. go should be provided to conform to given factors. This includes specification, consistency, timeliness, flexibility, right price, and added value and little extras.The first and crucial issue is the specification. Unless the service fulfills the requirements of the customer, it will not be used. The entropy important issue is consistency. guests expect service to be at the same level, or better, each time it is experienced. Once a level of quality of service has been promoted, or veridically provided, customers will be quick to label if it is not achieved or sustained. There is no point in setting a high standard of service if the operation cannot consistently meet the standard. The third issue is timeliness.The timing on when to grant the service should also be considered because it may be the reason why a customer may be upset and never comes back a absorb. However, timing is of lesser importance when customers make appointments in advance. Fourth, flexibility is important in the service industry. The moment the event is delivered, it is consumed. Immediately, of course, event organizers may come across difficulties. In these scenarios, the event manager has to be flexible to accommodate the changing situations. Customer expectations still have to be ful filled despite changes in circumstances.Fifth, aim of the right price can be agreed once the marketing team is satisfied that they know what the customer wantsthe specification. This will determine the price that can be charged. This concerns the ability of the team to supply the specifications that can outgrowth customer satisfaction, and at the same time, bring profit to the business. In the 6th position is added value and little extras. Once the event has met the basic requirements, then all the other extras will add to the perception of quality and could provide the edge in a competitive environment (Tum,2006).Kandampully (2002) believes that service quality can be defined as the extent to which a service meets the expectations of customers. He divides customers into four broad group internal customers (employees and managers of the firm), external customers (a firms end customers), competitors customers (those who the firm would like to attract, and ex-customers (those who a re going elsewhere and therefore are no longer our customers). Most of the independent event coordinators are offering three types of services. These includes the Full Event Coordination, the Partial Coordination and the On the day Coordination.In Full Event Coordination, hearing begins within an deductible time frame convenient for the client and coordinator. It involves actual conceptualization, budget planning, sourcing of suppliers (with terminal approval of client), venue, physical, arrangement, conceptualization of the program, and continuous coordination with the client and supervision during the actual date of the event. In Partial Coordination, consultation begins few months in the first place the event where it is take for granted that 40% of the preparation has been completed.Previous accomplishments of the client are then pass over to the coordinator for continuation of plan and additional backup man. The coordinator takes on bringing together the concept and confe rs it with the suppliers that the client has already chosen. Continuous coordination with the client and supervision on the actual date of the event is granted. In On the Day Coordination, consultation begins after confirmation of client as to the services to be provided by the coordinators. The coordinator completes the concept and program and works together with the suppliers for final arrangements.The coordinator also straightens out matters on deliveries, venue, physical arrangement, program briefing with the host, and supervision on the actual day of event. The present research will make use of these three types of coordination to categorize the services offered by the event management businesses. Business Viability. The viability of a business is measured by its long-term survival, and its ability to have sustainable profits over a period of time. If a business is viable, it is able to survive for many years, because it continues to make a profit year after yea r.The longer a company can stay profitable, the better its viability. A business feasibility study is an analytical tool that includes recommendations and limitations, which are utilized to assist the decision-makers when ascertain if the Business Concept is viable (Thompson,2005). Analyzing the prospects for this type of business, it was notable that its commercial sector has developed rapidly during the last fifteen years and will continue to do so. The market for events has expanded to the point where the need for a much better professional infrastructure is evident.The increasing number of events management companies and professional event organizers is an indication of this demand (Shone and Perry,2004). While real viability can affect perceived viability, there are other (possibly irrational) influences on perceived viability that have nothing to do with real viability. Conversely, the effect of perceived viability on real viability is at best indirect (perhaps by poignan t morale or the cost of capital) but any causal link in this direction cannot be taken for granted and should be explained.In order to measure the viability of events management business in Batangas City, the researcher opted to use the Dimensions of Business Viability Model created by Thompson (2005). This model has long been used by many entrepreneurs to test the viability of their business and business idea. Thus, the result of this study will be limited to the aspects determined by this model. The Dimensions of Business Viability Model is a generic framework that assists entrepreneur in identifying individual tasks (decisions) in verifying the Business Concept.The model also aligns the findings with functional processes of an enterprise which an audience can easily understand. It is a decision weighting model that provides a benchmark framework for measuring the Business Concepts viability. The model allows the entrepreneur to weigh the over-all and segmented viability of Bus iness Concept (Thompson,2003). The Dimensions of Business Viability Model will validate the Business Concept by the core dimension of market viability, technical viability, business model viability, management model viability, economic and financial viability, and exit strategy viability.Each dimension of the business viability model will contain components which evaluate individual characteristics of the enterprises business ventures viability. In developing the model to best fit the business under examination, the entrepreneur will need to structure each dimension. Market Viability includes the components of market environment (e. g. size, sustainability, potential market, target market, potential value), competitors, similar products, pricing, packaging, dispersal to markets, and promotion/advertising (Thompson,2005).In determining the market viability of a product or service, the pursuance steps must be followed First, compare your offer to a 3- forkged stool, which cannot cl og weight unless all three legs are equal in length and spacing. One leg is the offer itself, which includes price and demand. A top quality offer at a competitive price is still a low fail if the other legs are not balanced. The second leg is the customer list. If you dont know who wants your product or service, then you have nothing.The third leg is the process, language and messaging used to dribble the value of the offer to the list. Second, determine the mass appeal of your product or service. If only a very select few can eudaimonia from it, then your offer may be too limited to bring forth enough revenue to justify the investment of taking it into the marketplace. Identifying a specific demographic target is a strategic necessity, but there is a certain volume required to break even and a much larger volume required for long-term profitability.Third, measure the uniqueness of your offer against all competitors or whoever shares your market niche. The more unique your offe r is the more likely it will gain share against your competitors. Fourth, assess the exclusivity of your offer. If your potential customers can get your product or service somewhere else, then you will be forced to find another factor to differentiate your offer from the competition. If your offer cannot be found anywhere else, your business will benefit invariably. Lastly, test the perceived value of your offer.In order to be successful in business, you must be able to sell your product or service at a price point that is commensurate with what people are willing and able to pay. Ironically, you can under price an offer as well as overprice it. Public relations are of a vital importance to every operator and an increasingly important part of the marketing and sales function, and provide the operator with positive support to sales and promotion activity. In reality, effective public relations are an exacting business requiring particular skills often beyond the capabilities or exper ience of many operators (Festijo,2010).This aspect could be taken into consideration when assessing the marketing and promotion efforts of the event management business, since this type of business generally rely on word of mouth and appreciation of their clients. Technical viability will cover capacity, availability and quality of resources, inclusive of raw materials, labour and professional expertise, supply chain implications, manufacturing process, and ability to apply IP (Internet Protocol) (Thompson,2005). Technical Viability pertains to the uniqueness and features of products and services and noetic property positions (Morgan,2009).Business model viability entails uniqueness of model in terms of competitive advantage, ability of competitor to duplicate, ability to create value through priority knowledge and process, ability to create wealth, and ability to duplicate and substitute (i. e. documentation of tacit and explicit knowledge) (Thompson,2005). Business model is def ined as a description of the operations of a business including the components of the business, the functions of the business, and the revenues and expenses that the business generates.A business model describes the rationale of how an organization creates, delivers, and captures value economic, social, or other forms of value. The process of business model design is part of business strategy. In theory and practice the term business model is used for a broad range of informal and formal descriptions to represent core aspects of a business, including purpose, offerings, strategies, infrastructure, organizational structures, trading practices, and operational processes and policies.Management model viability includes application of knowledge and skills, training, employee management and recruitment, management of intellectual property, management of risk, ability to delegate to staff, adapted organizati onal structure, suitability of management and protocols, and ability to measure business process (Thompson,2005). frugal and financial viability will cover start up costs, working capital, operating costs, raw material costs, general return on investment, overall profitability, breakeven point, sustainability of market versus projected revenue, and ability to generate economic value (Thompson,2005). sparing viability is characterized by long-term sustainability (profitable over the long-term) and short-term feasibility (sufficient cash flows to meet short-term obligations). Projects/ventures can be either public/community type projects or private enterprise ventures. Four financial measures are particularly useful when examining the viability of a project Net Income, Cash Flow, Required in operation(p) Loan, and Ending Cash Balance.Exit strategy may contain ability to create wealth from exit strategy, ability to define exit strategy, ability to relate exit strategy to industry mo del, ability to identify potential buyers and/or strategies, ability to create capital assets, and ability to schedule exit strategy (Thompson,2005). Planning how you exit your business is just as important as how you start it. The goal is to maximize the value of your company before converting it to cash, and to minimize the amount of time consumed. Getting out of business is a process.The length of time required to complete the process is directly related to the complexity of the business, and the circumstances underlying this decision to get out of business. It can range from one week for a home-based sole proprietorship to several years for a corporation forced into involuntary bankruptcy. Disputes and litigation add another dimension to the timeframe. Planning and awareness are crucial. The process, timing of events and tasks must be tailored to the type and complexity of the business.Each case is unique because reasons for dissolution differ, and problems that exist or develop are unique to the circumstance. The process for getting out of business successfully requires the same amount of planning as going into business. While the process should be easier, it is likely to be less enjoyable and more stressful. The best advice for business owners is to think about the future during the early stages of getting into business. Exert managerial influence to visualize that complications and problems which could affect dissolution, and net value, do not develop into roadblocks.When the time for getting out of business comes, engage the invaluable expertise you will need, and localise a plan. The Dimensions of Business Viability Weighing Process includes the finale of dimension of viability, determination of measures of dimension of viability, assignment of component weighting to dimension, assigning weighting to recognize measures, assessing each measure and assigning score, weighing each dimensions overall viability, determining collective viability of busi ness, and articulating viability of business (Thompson,2005).Problems encountered in event organization. Although there are many successful events, instances occur where hardworking organizing committees see their events generate only limited interest and fail to meet the desired objectivessituations that can leave committees with substantial debts, creating disenchantment in the community and sponsoring organizations. In these cases, the main reasons for failure are usually a combination of two or more of the interest factors failure to allow sufficient planning time, piteous planning, problems within the organization committee (i. . power struggles, infighting, lack of necessary skills), overly optimistic income projections, inadequate market research, clashing of event dates, an ad hoc approach to marketing (lack of marketing plan), lack of sponsorship plan, inadequate budget and/or poor financial management, failure to meet spectators and/or competitor expectations, or failure to adequately make provision for inclement weather conditions (Tonge,2010). From the viewpoint of people attending local and regional events, recent research has revealed five main complaints.These include light toilets, overpriced food and beverage, inadequate traffic management and signage, the event program can ran considerably over the scheduled time, and the event failed to meet the expectations created by the promotion (Tonge,2010). It is difficult to imagine an event without a crisis. The ability to allot crises is an important skill for senior staff member in event management. A good event manager faces crises and handles them calmly and effectively.He should try to avoid crises by careful preplanning and foresight. The staff should be prepared to take remove action when crises happen. When crises arise, the steps that should be followed in handling them include analyzing the situation in a cool manner, re-examining the objectives, examining the possibilities, considerin g the consequences of several solutions, selecting the best alternative, implementing the give up action, and continue monitoring to avoid repetition (Cruz,2005).For decades, every time event organizers plans and executes event, they are always faced with various challenges that are inevitable to the business. According to Tarlow (2002), whenever we bring people together, there is an element of risk. Event risk should not be seen as a single factor, but rather as an accumulation of variables. Depending on the circumstances, these variables would include size of the crowd, size and nature of the event site, time of day, nature of the event, consumables, age of the crowd, weather conditions, and location of the event venue.A list of some events include family and human life cycle events such as weddings, family reunions and barbecues, community events, such as school picnics, business outings, and holiday celebrations, organized shopping exhibitions, civil and political events, busin ess meetings and conferences, sports events, ranging from Little conference to the Olympic Games, concerts, religious gatherings and pilgrimages, local and national political gatherings, fairs and festivals.He noted that as an event professional, it is important to understand that it is significantly less pricy to manage risk prior to the event than deal with the crisis after is has occurred. He further discusses the importance of risk manager increasing their awareness of the assumptions they make and the potential biases that may influence their decisions. Entrepreneurs are constantly on the talent scout for business opportunities and, at the same time, they are keen observers of existing and potential problems in the pursuit of their respective businesses.These common problems may include those connected with source of funds, source of raw materials, red tape in government, custody/labor/HR and the lack of information to assist the Pinoy Entrepreneurs. These problems may appe ar to be obvious. As to sourcing of money with which to start a business, it can be raised in various ways, including personal savings, borrowing from relatives, borrowing from money lenders or 5-6 operators, borrowing from  formal sources of credit like banks and other financial institutions.Borrowing money, however, is not as easy as it they make it sound. As to the existing efforts to address red tape in government, theres still a lot to be done, but the progress made by some agencies are really noteworthy. Several classification frameworks have been proposed for the categorization of organizational problem types. For example, over 30 years ago, Dearborn and Simon (1958) sort organizational problems into three general types (1) sales, marketing, or distribution (2) clarifying the organization and (3) human relations, employee relations, or teamwork.More recently, Walsh (1988) proposed that organizational problems can be classify into five general categories (1) accounting-f inance (2) human relations (3) marketing (4) internal management and (5) external management. Both of the above studies, however, were narrowly focused on the role of selective perception, or the extent to which affiliation with a specific section in an organization influences the types of problems identified (Terpstra,2004). Business Operation Initiatives. Business operation initiatives refer to the plans or programs of a business with regards to the operation of the business.In this study, this refers to the propose action or scheme for tourism attraction business on how to sustain its business operation to achieve its desired goals and objectives (Celis,2008). Patterned to the speech of Celis (2008), this study also sought to recommend business operation initiatives for the subject business. The researcher considered the concept of formulating business operation initiatives as relevant to the assessment of the viability of the business. However, they differ on the type of indus try Celis focused on tourism ttractions while the present study will focus on the events management business in Batangas City. Conceptual Framework The Event Industry, particularly the special events industry, has been a rapidly growing industry not only in the global arena but also here in the Philippines. More entrepreneurs have been showing interest in this new endeavor, though some are still thriving. Batangas City, as one of the rapidly progressing cities in the CALABARZON area, has great potential for investors and entrepreneurs who are willing to venture for new business ideas that will meet the demand of the people.In order to attract such entrepreneurs, a study on the viability of a business will aid them in their decision makings. This research will determine the present status of the events management business in Batangas City using the profile variables. To determine the viability of the event management business in Batangas City, Thompsons (2005) Dimensions of Business Viability will be used and will focus on the 1. 2. Market, Technical, Business Model, Management Model, Economic and Financial Model, and Exit Strategy.Through this, the researcher will also be able to extract possible problems that the entrepreneurs are experiencing during the course of their operation. The result of this viability model will be the basis in drafting recommendations for business operation initiatives that could enhance the prospects and sustainability of event management business in Batangas City. Conceptual range The figure below shows the items that have been analyzed in this research and their relationships. The profile of event management business n terms of type of event business, year of operation, business linkages and type of coordination has been identified. The researcher then evaluated the viability of event management business using Thompsons (2005) Dimension of Viability which includes Market, Technical, Business Model, Management Model, Economic and Financial Model, and Exit Strategy. It has been identified whether there is a relationship between the profile variables and their assessment of viability. Problems encountered were also identified and analyzed.Through this analysis, business operation initiatives have been recommended for the further development of this industry in Batangas City. Figure 1. The profile of Events Management Business in Batangas City, their assessment of its viability, and the problems encountered by this business, altogether, had been the basis for Business Operation Initiatives Methods This chapter presents a discussion of the research design in this study, the respondents of the study, information gathering instruments and procedures, and statistical treatment of data. DesignThe study used the descriptive design utilizing a survey questionnaire for the event management business. This study aimed to provide a description of relationships among the future(a) variables demographic profile and the pe rceived viability of events management business in Batangas City. This research design was chosen because it can provide essential knowledge about the concepts being used in this study as well as its relationship with each other. This method was deemed appropriate to the present study since this involved assessment of prevailing conditions. Respondents of the ResearchThe questionnaire was answered by the team leader and team members of the ten identified DTI registered event organizers in Batangas City. Each team composed of not less than three members, thus the researcher is targeting 30 members of the event management business for this study. Procedure The pursuance steps were undertaken in gathering the data to answer the questions in the study. An sign informal interview with the present event organizers was conducted by the researcher to gain reliable and related information that was used in constructing the questionnaire.In order to obtain the necessary data, the researcher used a constructed survey questionnaire. Modifications were combine through the help of experts in the field. A letter of request to conduct the study, together with the three-part questionnaires was sent to the different event management businesses in Batangas City. To measure the concepts relevant in the study, the researcher sought questionnaire from on-line source and modify the versions of instruments used by other studies and collated these to have an instrument appropriate for the study.The instrument was a modified version of on-line source particularly Thompsons (2005) Dimension of Business Viability and also the profile variables included in Celis (2008) dissertation. These will be used to gather data needed for the study on the viability of events management business in Batangas City. Part I covered the event on the profile of the existing events management business in Batangas City which included queries on the type of event business, year of operation, business linka ges and type of coordination.Part II conveyed items included in Thompsons (2005) Dimension of Business Viability such as market, technical, business model, management model, economic and financial model, and exit strategy. Part III enumerated the common problems encountered by the event management business in Batangas City, as formulated through informal interview and from literary productions review pertaining to problems of event management business. The draft of the questionnaire was submitted for both external and internal administration.To fully determine the items clarity, relevance and appropriateness, the researcher set the questionnaire for external validation by experts in research and event management. The researcher personally distributed the questionnaire and recuperation was done two weeks after the distribution of the questionnaire. Data Analysis The following statistical measures were applied to analyze the data 1. Frequency and percentage distribution was used to determine the profile of the event management business in Batangas City.

Human Relations Essay

1 In your opinion, do supervisors of entry-level proletarians rely much on docile skills or straining skills to accomplish their work? Explain.In my opinion, supervisors of entry-level workers rely more on spongelike skills than hard skills in separate to accomplish their work. My reasoning in this is that soft skills often equate to race skills, or developed communication skills. When supervising entry-level workers, much(prenominal) soft skills in communication and working with raft will be more honest to the supervisor than the expert knowledge or transferable skills referred to as hard skills. When supervising entry-level workers, the supervisor does not actually need advanced technical knowledge or skills relative to the job. Entry-level workers will not control, or necessarily need to learn, such skills and information from the supervisor. Instead, it is most important that the supervisor uses soft skills to maintain open communication channels to understand and re spond to worker concerns and needs.2 Why do people need soft skills in an era of high technology?People need soft skills in an era of high technology for several reasons. Technology is often a tool rather than a tutor or teacher therefore, human help will always be necessary when workers and individuals are learnedness to operate new technology. I.T. support staff need to have soft skills in order to carry out their jobs, which involve dealing with people as well as dealing with technology.3 Discuss 2 (2) ways that inter psycheal skills related to the digital age are demonstrate while interacting with large poem of people, as well as groups. social skills relating to the digital age are demonstrated while interacting with large numbers of people in several ways. From social media platforms such as chirp and Facebook, most people have developed the skill and awareness of bare information or opinions to a large audience. Also though such social media, most people have devel oped an awareness of silence filters for example, in their use of digital technology they may choose to destiny certain information with a smaller subset of the entire group.4 How superpower you improve your enduringness as a team player in terms of people-related team activities? Discuss three (3) ways.I could improve my effectiveness as a team player by being a more active listener, consistently (i.e., listening attentively to everyones parting instead of periodically zoning out when a certain person is speaking). I could also initiate, as the team peniss meet for the first time, communion of each individuals preferred gender pronouns if PGPs are uniformly shared at the outset, and this creates a safe atmosphere and dynamic for any gender-nonconforming individuals in the team. Finally, I could make a concerted effort to inattention to a dynamic of trust, and remind myself that even if a team member is expressing opinions or taking actions I disagree with they almost ce rtainly have best intentions.

Technical communication in english

Ping Dunn Technical Communication definition ETC is the system and practice of effective info exchange at work- working conversation ETC is a sub-discipline of communicating studies (CSS) that deal with the serve upes of transmitting or exchanging info separate sub-dish. Mass dialogue, mass media com, business com, health com, etc. ETC Is more everyday In theory than other sub-disciplines of CSS mass, health and business com deal with omit one profession ETC is widely applied to the com. Activities In many professions except literature The reminisces and skills of ETC Is also applicable In other languages, not unaccompanied English The purposes 2 major to inform- enables audience to understand info -to rock to convince audience to accept Idea ETC is not for the purpose to notify art or literature or drama What is effective communication? II. Features of modern-day communication Our age is the age of info. No technology no work, life.Typical features of MS we become too much Info to deal with we have to handle multidisciplinary info that we do not understand We cannot hanged the features in modern communication But we can change out language to harbor it work for us. We can make for It simpler and easier. How to improve our language for effective communication? Ill. Pragmatic rules In ETC Deft Rules of Language in use concerning the coating of language audiences in unique(predicate) contexts for particular purposes These rules work In specific conditions to intend Rule 1 Follow the time order in process description what happens first, comes first. OFF There exist different hardheaded rules of language in specific contexts. Sentences of he same meaning entirely different complex body parts may affect the efficiency of communication. The objective of ETC is to put the pragmatical rules into practice so as to increase the efficiency of communication at work. IV. Three Essential Criteria of ETC 1. Comprehensibility 2. Usability 3. Acces sibility 1 .Comprehensibility (easy to understand) Expressing info so the audience can understand it quickly and accurately English sentiment process is lenient like a line easier to understand the dynamic better than the Passive Passive vowelise slows down thinking process and decreases efficiency Rule 1 Avoid using passive voice whenever possible Rule 2 Avoid using the weak-verb + multinational structure Rule 3 Avoid using noun-string pre-modifiers To increase comprehensibility of info you should learn technical rhetoric in writing. . Usability (Easy to use) Definition Expressing your idea in a way that the audience can follow it to complete the task. Readers of bland fall into three categories professionals of the discipline professionals of related disciplines general readers or reasonable people Technical writing is a writer-responsible writing It is the writers responsibility to make their writing easy for all readers to use.To make your writing useful to the reader, you should top audience analysis audiences education write according to the lowest train education of your predicted audience professional experience, cultural background, emotion and motivation be reader-friendly, know your audience 3. Acceptability (Easy to invite) Definition Enabling your audience to find what they want quickly and accurately from large amounts of info. 1. A world-wall writing 2. A structured-writing or info-map

Family Youth Communtiy Sciences

movement 1 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points Theories are vital withalls because they D. provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children. hesitancy 2 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points The stage concept assumes that smorgasbord is A. culture is a execute of gradually adding more of the same types of skills that were on that point to begin with. B. change is fairly sudden rather than gradual and ongoing. C. infants and preschoolers respond to the world in much the same way as adults do. D. development is a smooth, continuous process. chief 3 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Dr. Kudrow views development as open to change in response to potent experiences.Dr. Kudrow probably emphasizes A. plasticity. B. stages. C. stability. D. heredity. header 4 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points The to the luxuriouslyest degree consistent asset of resilient children is A. being identified as gifted. B. a strong bond to a competent, caring adult. C. access to high-quality child care. D. high self-assertion. wonder 5 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Which of the following is original about Charles Darwins contribution to developmental theories? A. He proved that the development of the compassionate child following the same general plan as the ontogenesis of the human species. B.He launched the normative approach, in which measures of behavior are taken on large numbers of individuals and age-related averages are computed to represent typical development. C. He proved that human development is a genetically determined process that unfolds automatically, much like a flower. D. Scientific child study was born(p) out of his first attempts to document an idea about development. Question 6 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Alfred Binet and Theodore Simons intelligence test was developed as a way to A. measure individual disaccordences in development as a function of race, gender, and birth order.B. accurately predict school accomplishment and vocational success. C. identify children with encyclopaedism proble ms who needed to be placed in special classes. D. document developmental improvements in childrens intellectual functioning. Question 7 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Which of the following is a reason the psychoanalytical perspective is no long-life in the mainstream of child development investigate? A. Psychoanalytic theorists become isolated from the rest of the field because they failed to consider the premature parent-child relationship. B.Many psychoanalytic ideas, such as ego functioning, are too vague to be tested empirically. C. Psychoanalytic theorists accept the clinical method in which age-related averages are computed to represent typical development. D. Modern researchers pretend present that personality development does not take place in stages. Question 8 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points When John Watson taught Albert, an 11-month-old infant, to fear a neutral stimulus by presenting it some(prenominal) times with a sharp, ratty sound, Watson applied _____________________ to childrens behavior. A. classical conditioning. Question 9 of 25 0. / 0. 4 Points every(prenominal) time 10-month-old Rita eats a pea, her father claps and says, Good girl In response to her fathers praise, Rita excitedly eats the remaining peas. Ritas behavior is an example of ____________. A. operant conditioning. Question 10 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points At home, Pauls parents gain him as punishment for misbehavior. At preschool, Paul angrily hits a playmate who takes his toy. According to societal learning theory, Paul is displaying ________________. D. observational learning. Question 11 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Both behaviorism and social learning theory have been criticized forA. presenting ideas that are too vague to test empirically. B. underestimating childrens contributions to their take in development. C. overestimating childrens contributions to their own development. D. emphasizing nature over nurture. Question 12 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points According to Piagets theory, in t he sensorimotor stage, children D. think by acting on the world with their eyes, ears, men, and mouth. Question 13 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Which of the following is a limitation of Piagets theory? A. Piagets stagewise account overemphasizes social and cultural influences on development. B.He overestimated the competencies of infants and young children. C. Adolescents generally reach their serious intellectual potential in all areas, regardless of education and experience. D. Childrens deed on Piagetian problems can be improved with training. Question 14 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Both Piagets theory and the information-processing perspective A. heighten on the development of imagination and creativity. B. regard perception, memory, and problem solving as similar at all ages. C. regard children as active beings who characterise their own sentiment in response to environmental demands.D. emphasize the richness of equilibration in producing higher levels of thinking. Question 15 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Sociocultural theory, ethology, ecological systems theory, and dynamic system theory all center on on A. contexts for development. B. childrens biological makeup. C. the adaptive value of behavior. D. how culture is transmitted to the undermentioned generation. Question 16 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points According to Vygotskys theory, A. todays lifestyles differ so radically from those of our evolutionary ancestors that certain evolved behaviors are no longer adaptive. B. hildren revise incorrect ideas in their ongoing efforts to achieve equilibrium mingled with internal structures and every-day information. C. social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving that make up a communitys culture. D. children shape their own development during two sensitive and critical developmental periods. Question 17 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Which of the following behaviors is consistent with Vygotskys theory? A. Yesica, a child sugarcoat s eller with no schooling, develops sophisticated mathematical abilities as a progeny of her work. B.When his mother takes him to the grocery store, Tom is well-behaved because he knows that his mother allow reward him with candy. C. When playing in her sandbox, Amy builds the same sort of castle that she discover her best friend building yesterday. D. When working on her math homework, Michelle tries several solutions before she arrives at the correct answer. Question 18 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points In Bronfenbrenners ecological systems theory, the __________ encompasses connections mingled with microsystems, such as home, school, and neighborhood. C. mesosystem Question 19 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 PointsWhich of the following recent divinatory perspectives can best explain why Easton never crawled on his hands and knees before he learned how to walk? A. evolutionary developmental psychology B. dynamic systems perspective C. ecological systems theory D. sociocultural theory Question 20 of 2 5 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Both _____________ and _____________ stress changes in thinking. A. cognitive-developmental theory information-processing theory B. ethology psychoanalytic theory C. dynamic systems theory ecological systems theory D. behaviorism social learning theory Question 21 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 PointsWhich of the following is true about organize observation? A. It permits greater control over the research situation than does representational observation. B. It provides rich, descriptive insights into processes of development of one individual. C. It is especially useful for studying behaviors commonly seen in everyday life. D. It usually takes place in a field, or natural environment, rather than in the laboratory. Question 22 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points Dr. Snyder used the clinical method to obtain a high up detailed case narrative about Charlie, a 10-year-old college student. Dr. Snyder should be informed that A. he information lead help him understand the cultural radical to which Charlie belongs. B. he cannot assume that his conclusions apply, or generalize, to anyone other than Charlie. C. information collected utilise the clinical method cannot offer insight into factors affecting development. D. ethical guidelines will limit their contact to one or two sessions. Question 23 of 25 0. 4/ 0. 4 Points A correlation of +. 55 between preschool attendance and self-esteem indicates that children who attend preschool have D. moderately higher self-esteem scores than children who do not attend preschool. Question 24 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 PointsIn an effort to overcome some of the limitations of conventional developmental designs, Dr. Francisco used the ___________ design. A. experimental B. correlational C. sequential D. longitudinal Question 25 of 25 0. 0/ 0. 4 Points When children take part in research, the ethical concerns are especially complex because A. children do not have the same privacy rights as adults. B. immaturity makes it difficult for childre n to evaluate themselves what fellowship in research will mean. C. while adults are more penetrable to psychological harm, children are sometimes exploited. D. children are less vulnerable than adults to somatogenic harm.

Ethics Game Dilemmas Essay

later on completing the ethics games and answering the questions regarding two different predicament faced by the ships fellowship G-BioSports, I study compiled this report to deliver the discommodes that were brought up in both scenarios. The situations were offspringn from the point of view of the participator Director of Operations if the telephoner and the goal was to enforce the caller-out policies, nurture the company safe from any lawsuits, act fairly, and come up with the shell solution for all parties knobbed. It is well known that what is legal may or may not be honest (Trevino, 2011). According to Loyola Marymount University, there is a three- blackguard strategy to resolve ethical enigmas. Step one is to analyze the consequences, step two analyze the actions, and step three to make a finis. (Loyola, 2009) unavowed B logger The ethical dilemma faced by G-BioSports is that one of the employees has been posting blogs regarding company products and gum ela stic procedures. However, none of the blog posts were particularly harmful to the company. This issue is ranked one of the ten issues raised by IT capabilities. The issue is privacy does breedings availability justify its use? (techrepublic.com, 2006) The subsequent issue involved an anonymous email sent by an IT employee named Jamal Moore.He bypassed company surety procedures to illegally access company intranet and track blogging from a home PC, as well as sending an anonymous email to expose the blogger. aft(prenominal) further review of all email documents, the next step was to moderate what company policies had been undermined by these actions. In regards to the anonymous email sent by Jamal, company policy states that email transmissions sent outside of our intranet raise confidentiality concerns. As well as, There is a legitimate concern about the bail of external email. Jamal is therefore breaking the company code of conduct for utilize company resources on his home co mputer, as well as bypassing warranter protocols due to his IT knowledge. Aaron also violated the companys Confidential learning section of policy which reads, Also, employees may not discuss the companys business, in lickation, or prospects in any chat room, or web log (blog), regardless of whether they use their own name or a pseudonym.These policies fork out that Aarons actions violate the contractual agreement forbidding him to expose company information, even if it is for a non-threatening purpose. Both cases should result in some form of disciplinary action. In order to fairly justify the disciplinary action performed all parties involved must be identified, ranking them from highest to lowest impact. After analyzing the effects on all people involved, diagnosing and comparing achievable solutions to disciplinary measures must be tackled. The final step would be in implementing the best course of action which meets all goals and would best suite our company and its v alue. It was helpful when reviewing to each one solution, to choose an ethical perspective or crystalline lens of the eye to identify the best course of action from a non-personal standpoint. When evaluating the situation, I examined each of the different perspectives of each ethical lens and how our companys values could be incorporated into each lens. The Rights and Responsibility lens best sum up our companys overall position on ethical issues (Trevino, 2011). get over IDThe second ethical simulation examines different aspects of diversity and corporate ethical standards. The incident involved a former employee break-in to company set forth and assaulting a current employee who was hospitalized. New security measures need to be utilise in order to prevent any future security breaches. The decision was made to create security measures that will require all employees to enthral a photo ID badge to grant access into company facilities. Aisha Mullah, a valued employee for man y years, has an ethical inquiry about the photo ID system. Aisha practices the Moslem faith and it is a strict religious requirement that her face must be covered at all times, including in photos.The ethical issue at hand is how to develop a security policy that protects the preventative of our employees and accommodates anyone with special unavoidably similar to hers. G-BioSports new security measures should improve employee safety as well as create a good bend environment for success. The first step in the decision making cognitive process is determining the ethical issue or dilemma. In Aishas case, the death penalty of photo IDs for security purposes will create a problem due to her religious beliefs. G-BioSports code of ethics guidelines states, Equal Employment chance and Diversity that, Promoting diversity within our workforce is important.It also states G-BioSports rigorously prohibits discrimination or harassment on the basis of gender, gender identity, race, color, stage manager status, religion, sex, sexual orientation, age, mental, or physical disability. After thorough rating of all possible ethical perspectives and issues, I believe the relationship lens is the correct procedure to follow. This lens would tell us that because our relationship with our employees is needful to maintain a safe, productive, and morally structured environment we need to take special needs of employees in consideration. This employee needs leniency on the security policy in order to maintain her religious views, but the relief of the company would still follow the ID policy. This way the group as a whole will benefit from the security measures and the relationship with the employee with special needs will be satisfied. Any future ethical problems that arise dirty dog be handled in a similar way and employees will obtain comfortable presenting issues they are experiencing with management.Personal RelationThe ethical issues that were discussed related to my company in that many employees of my company are from different cultural backgrounds, religions, and have different sexual preferences. Discrimination is definitely something that could be a major problem with the group of individuals that work for the company but the accepting policies and procedures entrust for everyone to fit in and feel comfortable. There is no need to hide anything about our personal background in order to get the speculate or to keep your current without being discriminated against.ReferencesLoyola Marymount University. (2009). Resolving an ethical dilemma. Retrieved from http//www.lmu.edu/Page27945.aspx Techrepublic.com. (August 15, 2006. 10 ethical issues confronting IT managers. Retrieved from http//www.techrepublic.com/article/10-ethical-issues-confronting-it-managers/6105942 Trevino, L.K. & Nelson, K.A. (2011). Managing business ethics Straight express about how to do it right (5th ed.). Hoboken, NJ John Wiley & Sons.

Outline Basketball Shoes

wargon Category Basketball Shoes Definition (Dictionary. com) Basketball a support played by two teams of usually five players each on a rectangular court having a raised basketor goal at each end, points being scored by tossing the ball through and through the opponents basket. Shoe an external covering for the human foot, usually of leather and consisting of a more or less stiff or heavy mend and a lighter upper part ending a unretentive distance above, at, or below the ankle. Basketball shoes are apply when playing basketball. Line types Safety/Performance Shoes made for best performance while preventing injuries *EVA for cushioning (light) * Polyurethane for stability (heavy) * Stiff framework on the medial side reduce inward rolling * Anti-microbial theoretical account reduces bacteria Fashion * Celebrity endorsement * Wide variety of garble schemes * Word of Mouth Types High-top pro * Provides the most ankle support, safest short * Heavy, slower movement Mid-top P ro * Increased mobility for jumping and fast focus changes Con * Not the best for movement or protection Low-top Pro Lightest, allows quicker movement changes, easier jumping, and speedier running Con * Little protection. Smaller players forget use these Product lifecycle Target Market Male High schooling Basketball Players Problem Recognition *Join Basketball Team * indispensableness to fit in with peers Information Search * Internet * Price * shade * sell Store * Employee Expertise * Immediate Selection/Comparison * accomplice Word of Mouth * Scoop on the latest dope kicks * secure safe choices Alternative Evaluation and Selection * Mostly deliberation of peaceful information Limited Decision * Prices are not extreme * push aside have multiple pairs of shoes * Outlet Selection and Purchase * Online * Retail Store * Provides immediate purchase * Postpurchase Processes * Wear dem shoes * Games * Stomping around town, lookin locomote for the sweet honeys * Donate to secondh and stores * Throw away * Hand polish to family members * Sell lightly used shoes online Scientific proof that High-tops are structurally superior to Low-tops. http//www. tpec. edu. tw/%2Fself_store%2F79%2Fself_attach%2F95_5_paper1. pdf

Commentaries on Catullus’ Poetry (Poems 72 & 42) Essay

There is great civilization and aesthesia in verse 72. We argon told re each(prenominal)y early in the metrical composition that it is addressed to Lesbia, Catullus admire to whom a moderate number of metrical compositions in the army are addressed (or concern). Earlier Lesbia songs had channelisen Catullus simple and insatiable love for my girl1 in very romantic language for example, the lines describing the number of measure he wished that they could kiss, in poem 5, which caused Aurelius and Furius to describe Catullus as a cissy poet2.However, in poem 70 we begin to see Catullus feelings for Lesbia turn turned as he tells us that a womans run-in to her lover are as trustworthy as those written on wind or water after presumably disbelieving her when she told him that thither was no superstar she would rather marry than him, not even if asked by Jove himself3. If we assume that Lesbia was Clodia Metelli, we know that she was already married, so if her voice communi cation are not suggesting that she has become available, she must be describing an unfulfillable wish and it is perhaps the situation that she says these words exactly is unable to act on her marriage vow which causes Catullus to be so untrusting4. Compared to the outbursts of joy and fury in the poems of what has been described as the setoff book, poem 72 is much cooler and more analytical5 Catullus here seems to be writing from his percentage point rather than this heart.He uses, in the poem, two striking, and contrasting, similes to try to understand his love for Lesbia. He loved her (note the gone tense) as a common capacity love his girlfriend (72.3), but in addition to that he loved her also as a father might his sons and sons-in-law (72.4). This is touching because it obviously implies that the latter relationship might be closer, with more of a connection, than the former, and, most importantly, that Lesbia was as dear to him as a son would have been, his own flesh and blood. Wray finds this comparison interest because it is evidence against the long-standing assumption that roman paternity was a tyrannical and grimly love little exercise of parental power6However, from here on in, the sprightliness of love and affection darkens to one of cynicism. Now that he knows Lesbia he is has less affection for the woman. Catullus uses the language of obligation and Lesbia, as he sees it, has wronged him7. The poem ends with the uncertain but powerful statement that, because of the hurt she has caused him, Catullus loves Lesbia more, but kindreds her less. At startle, this whitethorn seem like nonsense and a contradiction in terms. However, when Catullus uses the verb amare (to love) he is describing his attraction to her, a kind of lust or infixed allure, something that he ostensibly has no control over. As much, then, as he does not like Lesbia for what she has put him through (i.e. her adultery), his love for her remains from the simpler judgmen t of conviction when he wished to kiss you just so many kisses (7.9) meter 85 is where Catullus perhaps expresses the ambiguity and seeming contradiction inherent in his feelings beatI hate and I love. Perhaps youre asking why I do that?I dont know, but I feel it happening, and am racked.We can again see here understandably that Catullus is less a master than a subject8 of his emotions. The detail that he paints himself as being so emotionally powerless gives such poems as these a tragic quality it also, arguably, helps to make Catullus such a universal poet who can still touch nation through the ages. Poem 73 also carries some of the in justice that Catullus had expressed in 72 the attack on a friend who is probably Rufus (though we do not realise that the poem is addressed to him until it becomes evident later in the collection) is because he has go oned honest kindness with no more than ingratitude. We now realise why the lampoons on Rufus alternated with Lesbia-poems at 69 -72.9 This whole section of Catullus collection is a exact of betrayal and adverse emotions.In the very first line of poem 72, Catullus talks roughly himself in the third-person, and this seems to be a literary cheat which emphasises the detail that he is not in control it is Lesbia (and her actions) who is the subject of the poem. By declaring that his passion is more intense (72.5) Catullus leads us to think that he is well-nigh to, also, tell us how much he therefore loves Lesbia. However, by introducing the duality in the last line mingled with his love and dislike for Lesbia, our expectations are finally overthrown, which makes the contrast seem to be huge. It is by means of literary effects such as these that Catullus manages to express the almost inexpressible nuance of his emotion.This poem, ultimately, is most successful when read as part of the collection, as one can then draw links between the subtle issues in the Lesbia poems and see the complex web of emotions tha t Catullus paints for us. The development from a romantic, devoting relationship between Lesbia and Catullus to the trauma of that relationship breaking down is fascinating, and may reflect the emotions of millions of people alive today in similar situations.Poem XLIIThis poem is perhaps most interesting because it in itself can be seen as an imitation of the Roman practice of flagitatio10, which was a form of popular justice involving a crowd surrounding the man suspected of wrongdoing (or his house) whilst cheering roughly rhythmical phrases in unflattering language, demanding redress11. This was a very rough-and-ready tactic because in a small community fear of deprecation was strong though it did, of course, rely on having friends willing to engage in the practice in order for what was seen as justice to be done. In this case, Catullus tells us that the crime was the theft of a notebook and the subsequent refusal to return it12. We can only speculate about the girl who stole t hem (though it has been inferred from the fact that she is described as an adulteress13 that she may well be Lesbia) and we also have just as little knowledge about what Catullus stolen notebook may have contained (and why it seems to be so scarce to him) we may guess that it contained poetry, but that is no more than a guess.If that were true, the first two lines would contain a sweet irony Catullus deploys poetry himself, hendecasyllables, as his flagitatio mob. He orders the hendecasyllables to come from everywhere (42.2), to metaphorically surround her. The substitution class is an intimidating one the lines of poetry have become men inclosure in on the suspect, shouting about her crime. When Catullus demands, Dirty adulteress, give tail end the notebook. Give back the notebook, dirty adulteress (42.11-12), he is using a technique common to flagitatio the reversal of word order belonged to a very old popular custom as a means of intensify the demand14. Catullus readership, we can surely assume, would have been aware of such devices and would at once have understood what Catullus was doing.Between the demands for the notebook, there is much vituperation and abuse hurled at the girl. Catullus tells us that she has an ugly gait, a face like a Gallican puppys (42.9) and is a filthy trollop (42.13) and a brazen bitch-face (42.17). Newman describes this as a fine example of carnival personation included for primarily humorous effect15. However, it is not hard to see how these lines could be intended to have a hurtful effect, too, shaming the footpad into repentance.Catullus is also all too aware of his social superiority10 and may only when be arrogantly showing his self-importance by making such a fuss over the loss of his notebook. This idea can be seen in, for example, poem 84, in which Catullus mocks Arrius incorrect use of aspirates which is surely caused by the pols less privileged upbringing Catullus attack, in this case as could be argued is th e case in poem 42, is really then a display of his own aristocratic superiority. There is also a usual link with poems such as 46, in which Catullus advertises his social status by documenting his travels with a sense of entitlement to faraway Roman lands.Perhaps the most harming feature of this poem is its conclusion. After all the fortissimo shouting, oil of vitriol and carmina (chanting veritable(prenominal) of flagitatio16), Catullus decides that he needs to change tone and tactics (42.22). He thus, seemingly sarcastically, ends the poem by asking for the notebook not by trading her a dirty adulteress but a virtuous brothel keeper (42.24), as we see that his invective has, somewhat comically, failed in its objective. On the otherwise hand, the last line could more literally be interpreted as an acknowledgement of the flaws of this kind of public system of obtaining restitution. It does not seem incredible that the girl would have responded more positively to flattery tha n flagitatio Catullus could thus be making a wider point about the role of invective in society.The poem, in the collection, sits between invective poems on either side of it, with the foregoing three poems containing invective, some quite rude and obscene in poem 43, for example, Mamurras mistress is described as being ugly from head to toe and, in poem 41, Ameana is called the female fuck-up. Perhaps, then, poem 42 is in the perfect location to show Catullus invective being tempered it is in that poem that he shows that such anger does not always nonplus the desired effects. In poems 41 and 43, however, we are not shown any consequences of Catullus spreading his opinions. We are simply told, in each, that there is an ugly girl in whom he is not interested there is not intended to be the nuance and comedy value that poem 42 contains.To conclude, Catullus adopting the form of flagitatio for this poem underscores the poets association with the traditional purposes and values inher ent in Roman invective17 not only does he derive pronouncement from the tradition of the technique, but it also allows him to attack her harshly and eloquently. However, ultimately, he couldnt force a blush from, in Catullus words, the brazen bitch-face. We, therefore, see the limitations of invective perhaps Catullus is admitting to us that we should see it as little more than entertainment.to a greater extent importantly, though, the twist at the end of the poem is of stylistic and comedic value and can, perhaps, be said to show Catullus eloquence. Moreover, the fact that he feels no qualms at using such openly offensive language can be attributed to the fact that Romans would surely have sympathised with his demands for justice in face of a thief and may, also, be a reflection of his superior social status (not to suggest the lower regard with which women were held generally) and consequent security in his right to show his anger in whatever way that he pleased. Ultimately, the poem makes timbre assassination into an appealing and technically adept art.BibliographyDyson, J.T. (2007). The Lesbia Poems, in M.B. Skinner (ed.), A associate degree to Catullus (Oxford) 254-275.Fitzgerald, W. (1999). Catullan Provocations Lyric Poetry and the Drama of Position. London.Fraenkel, E. (1961). Catullus XLII, in J.H. Gaisser (ed.), Oxford Readings in Graeco-Roman Studies Catullus (Oxford) 356-368.Newman, J.K. (1990). Roman Catullus. Bodenheim.Selden, D.L. (1992). Catullus and the Rhetoric of Performance, in J.H. Gaisser (ed.), Oxford Readings in Classical Studies Catullus (Oxford) 490-559.Tatum, W.J. (2007). Social Commentary and Political Invective, in M.B. Skinner, A Companion to Catullus (Oxford) 333-354.Wiseman, T.P. (1985). Catullus and his World A Reappraisal. Cambridge.Wray, D. (2001). Catullus and the Poetics of Roman Manhood. Cambridge.1 Catullus 2.1.2 cf. Catullus 16.3 Catullus 70.2.4 Dyson (2007) 269.5 Wiseman (1985) 166.6 Wray (2001) 112.7 Fitzgerald (1 999) 117.8 Selden (1992) 541.9 Wiseman (1985) 167.10 Fitzgerald (1999) 62.11 Fraenkel (1961) 364.12 Catullus 42.4 (refuses to give me our notebook back).13 Catullus 42.1214 Fraenkel (1961) 363.15 Newman (1990) 192.16 Fraenkel (1961) 364.17 Tatum (2007) 337.