GRE Analytical Writing: Solutions to the Real Essay Topics

GRE Analytical Writing: Solutions to the Real Essay TopicsThe first book in the GRE Analytical Writing: Solutions to the Real Essay Topics series is the short story 'Gone with the Wind.' I encourage you to read this book for its unique and excellent information and learning resources.In this short story, by John Steinbeck, we see a high school student's struggle to survive in an increasingly turbulent society in Texas during the Depression era. As a first grader, I remember struggling with a difficult essay topic of the passing of the 13th Amendment. I knew the author was talented but I felt like this writer had missed the point and I wanted to tell my high school English teacher about the issues.The short story has an original cover on its home edition. This is just one of many books in the series that uses innovative artwork and clever packaging to make them more interesting and easier to learn from. Like the past books, 'Gone with the Wind' comes with practical writing skills test ing at the end of each chapter. The test consists of about ten practice essays and answers with prompt review questions and an opportunity to earn a certificate of completion for doing well on the essays.While this book is a relatively simple and straightforward test, it is still a good idea to do a little practice for yourself before taking the test. Although this book does not ask for extensive examples or extensive analysis, I am sure you would be able to find the same type of material in an average course textbook. Therefore, I recommend you to try to find a guide or resource that includes a lot of short stories or essays similar to 'Gone with the Wind.' By reading sample essays on line or even browsing through online books, you will learn more effective ways to solve your essays problem without feeling the pressure of answering too many multiple choice or essay format questions.However, if you really want to have an idea about the GRE essay writing test, then you need to get ho ld of the book which is available free of charge on the web. You will also be able to order the book through Amazon, Amazon's bookstore and Barnes & Noble stores. The question is: How do you know when the writer was trying to hide something? The information in this book is the same as the resource's resource. Although the author focuses on the type of writers used by college admissions and testing departments in a 'generalized outline,' he still fails to explain what constitutes an accurate representation of the skill of writing a great essay.The GRE Analytical Writing: Solutions to the Real Essay Topics series covers essay formats and topics that might concern many of the questions that will appear on the GRE examination. The entire series was designed to make writing an essay and passing the examination not so much hard but easy. It focuses on the essentials of writing a good essay and covers the technique of writing a strong, engaging essay. The exercises focus on vocabulary, grammar, and how to structure a good essay topic and an amazing number of format tips.Hopefully you now realize why the exam is so important to preparing for and succeeding in college or a graduate program. This article gives you insight into how this one short book made my life easier and more enjoyable. My next post in the series will discuss another essay topic in the book.

Modern Cinem Mise En Scene - 2125 Words

Mostly spoken about in the world of cinema, mise-en-scà ©ne also describes aspects in theatre. In the instance of stage performance, mise-en-scà ©ne includes all that is present on stage i.e. props, costumes, lighting, use of space. In Mr. Burns: A Post Electric Play by Anne Washburn paying close attention to what is present on stage is essential to understanding situation. In The First Act, the script directs there to be â€Å"four people around a fire, on a mixed arrangement of indoor chairs, sports or lawn chairs and a fancy new couch,† this set allows the audience to view the scene as something of a fuse of scavenged materials, making it known that, in this point in civilization, it is essential to acquire anything that is possible. There is no room for color schemes or meticulously considered arrangements, only practicality. The Second Act, described as seven years later, calls for â€Å"a cozy living room,† letting the audience know that progress has been made a nd it is appropriate to begin to consider aesthetic and occasional luxury. With this consideration of mise-en-scà ©ne comes a better understanding of how and why a scene is presented the way it is. Bildungsroman, relating to that of a novel on formative years, is prominent in Jean Rhys’ Wide Sargasso Sea. Antoinette begins as a wide-eyed child, transitioning to a girl hopelessly in love, and then a spiteful woman. Christophine, Antoinette’s nurse, calls attention to, presumably, Rochester saying, â€Å"You make her think you can’t

Biography of Martin Luther King, Jr.

Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929, in Atlanta, GA. His birth certificate listed his first name as Michael, but this was later changed to Martin. His Grandfather and then his Father both served as the pastor of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. King graduated from Morehouse College in 1948 with a degree in Sociology. He further received a Bachelors of Divinity in 1951 and then a Ph.D. from Boston College in 1955. It was in Boston where he met and later married Coretta Scott. They had two sons and two daughters together. Becoming a Civil Rights Leader: Martin Luther King, Jr. was appointed the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. It was while serving as pastor of the church that Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to a white man. This occurred on December 1, 1955. By December 5, 1955, the Montgomery Bus Boycott had begun. Montgomery Bus Boycott: On December 5, 1955, Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was unanimously elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association which led the Montgomery Bus Boycott. During this time, African-Americans refused to ride the public bus system in Montgomery. Kings home was bombed due to his involvement. Thankfully his wife and baby daughter who were home at the time were unharmed. King was then arrested in February on the charges of conspiracy. The boycott lasted 382 days. At the end on December 21, 1956, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation on public transportation was illegal. Southern Christian Leadership Conference: The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was formed in 1957 and King was named its leader. Its goal was to provide leadership and organization in the fight for civil rights. He used the ideas of civil disobedience and peaceful protests based on the writings of Thoreau and the actions of Mohandas Gandhi to lead the organization and the fight against segregation and discrimination. Their demonstrations and activism helped lead to the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. Letter from a Birmingham Jail: Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. was a major part of many nonviolent protests as he helped lead the fight for desegregation and equal rights. He was arrested numerous times. In 1963, numerous sit-ins were staged in Birmingham, Alabama to protest segregation in restaurants and eating facilities. King was arrested during one of these and while he was imprisoned wrote his famous Letter from a Birmingham Jail. In this letter, he argued that only through visible protests would progress be made. He argued that it was an individuals duty to protest and disobey unjust  laws. Martin Luther King's "I Have a Dream" Speech On August 28, 1963, the March on Washington led by King and other Civil Rights Leaders took place. It was the largest demonstration of its kind in Washington, D.C. up to that time and approximately 250,000 demonstrators were involved. It was during this March that King gave his awe-inspiring I Have a Dream speech while speaking from the Lincoln Memorial. He and the other leaders then met with President John F. Kennedy. They asked for many things including an end to segregation in public schools, greater protections for African-Americans, and more effective civil rights legislation amongst other things. Nobel Peace Prize In 1963, King was named Time Magazines Man of the Year. He had stepped onto the world stage. He met with Pope Paul VI in 1964 and then was honored as the youngest person ever to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. He was awarded this on December 10, 1964, at the age of thirty-five. He gave the entire amount of the prize money to help with the Civil Rights movement. Selma, Alabama On March 7, 1965, a group of protestors attempted a march from Selma, Alabama to Montgomery. King was not part of this march because he had wanted to delay its start date until the 8th. However, the march was extremely important because it was met by terrible police brutality that was captured on film. The images of this made a huge impact on those not directly involved in the fight resulting in a public outcry for changes to be made. The March was attempted again, and the protestors successfully made it to Montgomery on March 25, 1965, where they heard King speak at the Capitol. Assassination Between 1965 and 1968, King continued with his protest work and fought for Civil Rights. King became a critic of the War in Vietnam. While speaking from a balcony at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis, Tennessee on April 4, 1968, Martin Luther King was assassinated. The day before he gave a poignant speech where he said, [Gods] allowed me to go up to the mountain. And Ive looked over. And Ive seen the promised land. I may not get there with you. While James Earl Ray was arrested and charged with the assassination, there have been and still are questions to his guilt and whether there was a larger conspiracy at work.

Racial Identity And Sexual Orientation - 1597 Words

The statement â€Å"racial identity and sexual orientation entrap and define us† is limiting in that it ‘pidgeon holes’ a great variety of ‘types’ into simplified categories. This essay will explore ‘racial identity’ and sexual orientation’ and exemplify meaning through the use of Joseph Conrad’s Heart of Darkness and Christos Tsiolkas’ Loaded. Although they hail from different times and cultures, the characters Marlow and Ari display similarities in behaviours in as such they put themselves in perilous situations and surround themselves with untrustworthy ‘associates’. One reason why I do not agree with the statement â€Å"racial identity and sexual orientation entrap and define us† is an individual’s self-image and circumstance. For example, Marlow lived in the days of Imperialism. Instead of seeing themselves as interlopers in a new country the Europeans’ felt a sense of entitlement. He does not relate to the stereotype and describes the men he works with as â€Å"[†¦] not much account really. They were no colonists; their administration was merely a squeeze, and nothing more, I suspect. They were conquerors, and for that you only want brute force – nothing to boast of, when you have it, since your strength is just an accident arising from the weakness of others† (Conrad 10). Marlow is a migrant to Africa; he is the ‘other’ however it is the African’s that are portrayed to the reader as the ‘other’ through Marlow’s observations of the stations and river. Initially, Marlow’s accountsShow MoreRelatedSexual Minority Women854 Words   |  4 Pagesdisparities in health care access, utilization and health outcomes among racial and sexual minority women, the current study seeks to address existing gaps and offer directions for health promotion and future research in this area. This is a retrospective comparison study, examining the association between socioeconomic status (SES) and health care seeking behaviors; and the moderating effect of sexual orientation and racial identity on this relationship. Comparative analysis of two medical institutionsRead MoreThe Importance Of Sexual Identity Development1243 Words   |  5 Pages The sexual orientation identity development is a theoretical model that conceptualize d the resolution of internal conflict related to the formation of individual sexual identity. For sexual minority people, it is commonly known as the coming-out process (Bilodeau Renn 2005). There have been many different models elaborated to explain such process. All of them share similar stages: awareness, crisis, and acceptance (Loiacano 1989). When individuals become aware of their queer feelings and attractionRead MoreNon Discrimination Policies Of The Home Depot Company Essay782 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscriminate on basis of a host of job-irrelevant issues, comprising race, sexual orientation, gender, disability, age and ethnicity put themselves at a competitive disadvantage as opposed to companies that appraise employees solely on their credentials and qualifications to work well. Given the high rates of discrimination encountering the workforce today, discrimination based on racial discrimination and sexual orientation represents an actual hazard to the profitability of com panies (Oeo.tufts.eduRead MoreDiversity, Racial, And Cultural Factors1277 Words   |  6 Pageslives. It is a therapist responsibility to acknowledge and recognize ethnic, racial, and cultural factors, which are significant to the therapeutic relationship. By keeping in mind and considering the importance and the impact of the supportive community in which the client may be involved with. The purpose of this paper is to address and examine the five groups (ethnicity, language, multicultural identities, sexual orientation, spirituality and religion) and the three dimensions of multicultural competenceRead MoreThe Pentad Analysis : Everything Isn t Black And White. Kenneth Burke s Pentad Criticism1379 Words   |  6 Pagesto be fair, one does not have to be African American to be a member of the NAACP, which was partly founded by white people. In fact, they do not even ask for race on registration forms. The biggest requirement is to be interested in helping quell racial disparities that exist in this country. No one really knows the purpose of Rachel Dolezal’s quest to claim African American heritage but she herself has stated that, â€Å"I have really gone there with the experience, in terms of being a mother of twoRead MoreEth 125 Discrimination Worksheet Essay607 Words   |  3 Pagesstereotyping? Discrimination comes in different forms.   It can be direct when someone’s gender, ethnicity, faith, sexual orientation, age, disability or being transgender is used as an explicit reason for treating them differently.   This is the kind of discrimination that people often recognize easily.   An example would be if a person is fired at work because of their sexual orientation. It can be indirect when there are rules, services or ways of doing things that have the effect of discriminatingRead MoreRace, Gender, And Sexual Orientation Essay1350 Words   |  6 PagesIn â€Å"Race, Gender, and Sexual Orientation in Hate Crime Victimization: Identity Politics or Identity Risk?† hate wrongdoings are a vital social issue in contemporary U.S. society. It has been contended that disdain violations significantly affect the lives of the individual casualties what s more, the bigger social connection in which they happen (Herek and Berrill. 1992; Levin and McDevitt, 1993). As Bell (2003) has watched, inclination inspired animosity constitutes an open wellbeing hazard.Read MoreWomen Struggles By Nina Revoyr1481 Words   |  6 Pagesthe book represent different aspects of women s struggles and the issues they have to confront in their day to day living. Southland presents the picture a young Asian American woman in her quest of trying to find out her true history and identity and which has exposed her to the larger world. In trying to resolve the inheritance issue of his deceased grandfather, Frank Sakai, Jackie as a character exposes other characters of similar struggles and who also have varying relationships amongstRead MoreEssay on Culture And Music Reflection1054 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Alma Diaz Laura Pawuk HON 201 9 September, 2014 Culture Music Reflection Culture is defined as the belief systems and value orientations that influence customs, norms, practices, and social institutions, including psychological processes and organizations It acknowledges that all individuals are cultural beings and have a cultural, ethnic, and racial heritage. Culture has been described as the personification of a worldview through learned and transmitted beliefs, values, and practices, includingRead MoreMulticultural Competence Of School Psychologists1031 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of shifting demographics in rural and urban communities and in public and private educational institutions, as well as among students who are homeschooled. These changes have produced a new generation of multilingual, multiracial children with racial, ethnic, cultural, and linguistic differences; multiple learning styles; native language learning; and changing family constellations. Some of today’s learners also come from families with multiple and/or generational fa mily traumas and dysfunctions

Service Learning Project Essay - 1026 Words

Service Learning Project The service day on April 5th, really gave me a precious opportunity to have access to the life and health of immigrant persons from South America and their priorities in life as well as their consideration about health. This is my first time to help so many immigrant persons from South America check their blood pressure, height and body weight, and give them information about how to have access to free clinical and blood pressure control as well as weight management. I really thank Professor Raja, because it was she who gave us this precious experience to do service for and know this special population in USA. Even though health status is quite important for plenty of people in USA, it unfortunately became the†¦show more content†¦For men, preventive care should be focused on cessation of smoking and alcohol using and diet for men. Males in this target group told me that they work long hours on physically demanding jobs each day, but their diet is unhealthy because of financial issues and they smoke and drink a lot because of great pressure on them. Men who were checked had generally high blood pressure and BMI. For women in this population, they told me they spent much time at home taking care of their children and purchase cheap fast food. Their blood pressure and BMI both were also very high. I asked them whether they purchased health insurance, but many of them just slipped away or did not want to tell me, but some of them did have interest in free clinical service. Many of them told me that they like spicy food and Cola, so for them, they should be encouraged to cook healthy food with low sodium and more vegetables, eat less fast food and maintain regular exercise everyday. For those men who smoke or drink a lot, they need to be encouraged to cut down on them as soon as possible. According to the research of Otiniano et al. (2003), Mexican Americans were reported to have a greater incidence of heart attack related to high blood pressure and obesity, but had a decreased prevalence of self-reported heart attack than Non-Hispanic whites due to the low socioeconomic status and less education. It seems that low socioeconomic status and less education are the majorShow MoreRelatedService Learning Project Reflection1179 Words   |  5 PagesService Learning Project Reflection An Experience Like No Other In the past, I have participated in community service projects. It wasn’t until The Leadership and Professional Development (LPD) class in the fall of 2012 that I was introduced to the idea of service learning. This semester taught me the importance of reflecting on the community service that I performed and actually taking something away from the experience. This semester my team and I had the opportunity to participate in communityRead MoreService Learning Project740 Words   |  3 PagesA key aspect of the project was to encourage students to engage in dialogue with local businesses in order for the student to assess and adapt their own communication style based on the situation they found themselves in. Students identified local businesses and discussed the cost and benefit of collaborating with each entity. Students asked 12 local businesses to serve as community partners on the service-learning project; eight agreed to participate. Community partners hosted a Northwest HarvestRead MoreService Learning Project1202 Words   |  5 PagesService Learning Project Pertaining to Goods Drive for Child Advocacy Center For this service learning project, my group and I organized a goods drive. We placed donation boxes around Denton for art-therapy supplies. The group also held an event on November 6, 2017, at Texas Woman’s University to encourage students to make donations. All the donations went to the Child Advocacy Center in Denton; this organization provides assistance to children that have been victims of physical or sexual abuse.Read MoreService Learning Project 767 Words   |  3 Pages On average on 26% of Americans volunteer, this surprised me on how low this number truly was. I now understand why community service is required for most classes, because without us kids out volunteering the numbers would be substantially lower. This proves to be true by a study done by Debra Blum shows that hot spots for volunteer work is in college towns, such as Provo, Madison, Wisconsin and Iowa City, Iowa. To me this is pointing out that people that have higher education are more likely toRead MoreService Learning Project Experience758 Words   |  3 PagesPrior to working on the service learning project, I had to pass the basic income tax course on the IRS website which required a lot of reading. I failed the first attempt so I had to re-read the basic tax course again. I finally passed and was ready for my experience in the service learning project I participate in the service learning project on March 3 and March 31. On March 3, I experience working on the service learning project for the first time. It took me a while to setup because of problemsRead MoreThe Service Learning Project Is Great2016 Words   |  9 Pagesexperience I encountered during the service learning project was great. Throughout the weeks allocated for the service learning project, I tutored grade two and three pupils from three different schools under two agencies. The names of the agencies are Lion Catcher and MLK Community Center. This project gave me the opportunity to work with little kids for a long time. This provided me with the privilege to help and work with people who are enthusiastic about learning. Through my colleagues and me, weRead MoreSelection Of The Service Learning Project2625 Words   |  11 PagesEntry One: Selection of the Service Learning Project After some research and deliberation, I chose Habitat for Humanity (HFH, 2016) for my service project. There were several reasons that Habitat for Humanity appealed to me. The first reason is that I consider HFH to be a worthy cause is that I appreciate that it’s for a lower income family that would not otherwise be able to afford a home. The facts that the beneficiaries are expected to help build their home or other HFH homes with sweat equityRead MorePurpose Of A Service Learning Project940 Words   |  4 PagesThe purpose of this service-learning project was to educate and provide evidence based knowledge to associates that work at ShopRite in Flemington, N.J. on easy ways to identify, selected foods, which are beneficial to a similar looking body part. For example, the kidney beans are beneficial to the kidneys except if someone has kidney disease. My aim was to increase the knowledge of ShopRite associates so that they will be able to identify and more importantly reca ll quickly while shopping whatRead MoreService Learning Project : The Service Of A Medical Student1523 Words   |  7 PagesService Learning Project Hospitals are a great way for a medical student to serve the community as well as gain valuable experience in their future field. For this reason, I have spent around forty hours from the end of the summer up until now volunteering at HonorHealth hospital. I volunteered as a transporter, what this means is that I move equipment, medical documents and lab samples around the hospital. I also help discharge patients by pushing them in a wheelchair to their car. Through thisRead MoreService Learning Project On Tallassee Landfill1197 Words   |  5 PagesService Learning Project on Tallassee Landfill Environmental Science 404 11/26/16 By: Sydney Lockett The Stone’s Throw landfill in Tallassee is causing environmental problems in the community. The landfill has a very unpleasant smell over the whole community. A landfill is a carefully designed structure that isolates trash from the surrounding environment. The Stone’s Throw does not follow the protocol which involves the bottom liner, cells, storm water drainage, a cover and groundwater monitoring

Engage in personal development in health, social care or children’s and young people’s settings free essay sample

1. 1Describe the duties and responsibilities of own work role. While I am at Robert’s Primary School on placement my main responsibility is to maintain and supervise the safety of all children that I work with. A child’s safety is paramount and it crucial that every member of staff, whether they are permanent or volunteer, work towards this. While I am in the Reception Class my duties include: †¢Maintaining the cleanliness of the room, mopping up spills and removing potential risks and hazards. †¢Supervising children and ensuring that they are safe and sensible †¢Be a good role model and impress a good positive image to the children †¢Be polite and well mannered to all children and staff †¢To correct negative behaviour when necessary †¢Attend any training courses I am asked to go to, to keep update and knowledgeable of procedures and policies. †¢Be fully aware and have knowledge of all the School’s policies and procedures †¢Be aware of all safety exits and procedures that must be carried out in an emergency †¢Listen and follow instructions set by my supervisor †¢To be knowledgeable of the routine of the class, and be able to move at the speed set †¢Be flexible, creative, quick, caring, kind, respectful and always do my best at all times Knowing my duties and responsibilities will enable to me to be more confident while I am at Robert’s Primary and will help me to give the best possible care to the children. 1. 1Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in the relevant standards There are many policies which by law I must follow and adhere to, this is to ensure that the children are given the best quality of care and the best possible learning experience. The Health and Safety Act 2004 This states that regular risk assessments of the area should be carried out. Risk assessments are required to ensure the safety of the surrounding environment, so children are able to play and learn in a safe and nurturing environment. A risk assessment is carried out every morning in the class room; all the staff including myself do a thorough walk around and identify any obstacles and potential dangers that could cause harm to any of the staff or children. We identify and remove any risks or potential hazards, for example; toys in walkways, spillages, exposed electrical sockets. Risk assessments are also to be carried out throughout the day, to ensure that the environment stays safe and reduces the chance of accidents happening. The Equality Opportunity Policy Equality of opportunity is about providing equality and excellence for all in order to promote the highest possible standards of achievement. The school’s core value is ‘lighting the way to success’. The School believes that every child has the capabilities of being successful and making a positive contribution to the school and the community The policy details the responsibilities of the school to make a positive, safe learning environment for all staff and children to achieve their full potential. Providing equality to all staff and children is always given. All children are taught Religious education so that they all children are exposed and educated of all different religions and how their faith celebrates and live. All festivals are celebrated at school so that pupils can experience and take part in them. This will help children become knowledgeable and understand the importance of being accepting and celebrating different festivals regardless of what faith they are from. This also allows children of every religion feel welcome and happy to celebrate and share their faith and be proud of who they are and their religion. Negative behaviour towards any child or member of staff and their beliefs will be put to the behaviour policy and they will discipline accordingly. This applies to all children and staff and managing their behaviour is kept fair and applied equally to all. Any child found bullying or displaying inappropriate behaviour will be dealt with quickly and effectively as to stop the problem from getting worse. All staff are to attend Equality and diversity training to make sure they are fully knowledgeable of the subject and the laws and policies that accompany it. The teachers and staff ensure that the classroom is an inclusive environment in which all pupils feel that their contributions are being valued and included. Every child is valued and respected and allowed to talk and express their view. All children are encouraged to be themselves and any special needs that they may have are met so that can feel actively included and valued. All disabled and enhanced children are given the help that they need so that they can achieve. There are disabled accesses throughout the school, support harnesses, equipment, aids and supportive tools so that children can achieve their fullest potential. As a student I must adhere to the Equality values and enforce them throughout my placement. I must treat children equally. Encourage children to express themselves and embrace and enjoy their culture and share the experiences and times of celebration. All children should be treated equally but differently at the same time. Their differences must be seen and valued, and where necessary practice must be altered to accommodate these beliefs. For example children with special needs will possibly need a different educational care package to those without. Children who are left handed must be given the tools to enable them to write and complete crafts more easily, including left handed scissors and pen Special educational needs and disabilities Act 2001 There are some disabled children in Reception that require additional needs. This Act States â€Å"that school, colleges, universities, adult educational services, youth services must make reasonable provisions to ensure that people with disabilities or special needs are provided with the same opportunities as those who are not disabled†. I must make sure that I do not discriminate against any child with a special need and always show the same care and support to them as every other child. They must be given the same opportunities and be made to feel as part of the class as possible. All measures must be taken to ensure inclusion of the children as best as possible. It states that settings must follow the SEN code of practice which outlines what they should do to support a child with special needs This Act prevents the unfair treatment of people with disabilities and special needs Conventions on the rights of a child This is an important legislation that by law must be followed. The school adheres to the requirements set in the document and fully support its content. It acknowledges that children have a right to express themselves and their opinions. To have their voices heard and their needs acted on upon when necessary, they are to be protected from harm, abuse and exploitation and to always have their privacy protected. I must respect every child for who they are and what their requirements may be, and to always protect them from harm and abuse. If I suspect any child to be a victim of abuse I must make my observations known to the CPO as soon as I can. The faster the better as to keep the child out of harm’s way. There are many more policies that I must follow to ensure the safety and care of the children and also of myself. The Schools Safeguarding policy, states the responsibility of all members of staff to report any signs of abuse or neglect and supports ‘Whistle blowing’ and outlines the procedures a member of staff can take if they do suspect a member of staff. I am included in these responsibilities and I must also report any suspicions I may have of a member of staff to the Head Teacher who is also the CPO of Roberts School. I must also follow the School Site Safety Policy which details all procedures that I must take in the case of an emergency and points out all fire exits. This so that in the event of an emergency I am fully aware of what I need to do to get myself and the children to safety. The standards are all there to protect the health, safety and well-being of each student and member of staff. They are there to support me so I am able to offer the correct and best possible care to all children I work with.

Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention of Type 2

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of Lifestyle Interventions in the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes Among Adults: A Systematic Review. Answer: Literature Review The rise of noncommunicable diseases in recent decades has stood out as a significant public health problem for both developed and developing countries. This rise is primarily attributed to both an ageing population, and also the shift to nutrition and dietary habits of the western world and the sedentary lifestyles. This shift, especially and dietary habits is influence by both development (socioeconomic and technological), urbanisation and globalisation (Alouki, Delisle, Bermdez-Tamayo, Johri, 2016). Diabetes stands out as one of the major noncommunicable disease attributable to nutrition. Its worldwide prevalence increases rapidly and especially in the developing nations. As per the most recent statistics, 400 million people worldwide, 29.1 million people in the US, 3.8 million people in the UK, and 1.2 million people in Australia suffer from diabetes, with 90% of which present with type II diabetes (T2D) (International Diabetes Federation, 2016; CDC, 2016; Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), 2018; Public Health England, 2016). Type 2 diabetes is a lifestyle disease which can be prevented by lifestyle changes, in terms of changes in dietary habits and also increased physical activity. A number of studies have reported success in the reduction of T2D prevalence through the of lifestyle interventions (Gong, et al., 2011; Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study Research Group, 2013). Weight control is central to the prevention and management of T2D independent of the dietary factor. Owing to the fact that obesity is a major risk factor for T2D, lifestyle interventions aimed at weight management are central to its prevention. Except for some Asian countries (China and India in particular), minimal research has been conducted so far on diabetes prevention programs in developing countries. A number of systematic reviews on this topic have been conducted so far, and they do not all reach the conclusion that there is enough data to recommend the use of lifestyle interventions as advocated for by diabetes prevention programmes currently. As such, this systematic review aims at addressing some questions: Among high risk groups, does combined diet and physical activity interventions have an impact on glycaemic control and the incidence of T2D? Does the patients age, sex or ethnicity affect their participation in combined diet and physical interventions and the resulting incidence of T2D? Does the nature of the trial (explanatory or pragmatic trial) influence the effect of combined diet and physical activity interventions on the participants? Aims of this review The questions outlined above spell the aim of this systematic review, which simply put, aims at synthesizing recent evidence from the past ten years on the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in the management of weight in glycaemic control and eventually on the incidence of type II diabetes among adults. Search Strategy In order to identify all relevant studies on the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions in the management of weight in glycaemic control and eventually on the incidence of type II diabetes, a search will be conducted on the following electronic databases: CINAHL, MEDLINE, and Academic Search Complete. The search terms shown table 1 below will be used. The alternative keywords and phrases as identified using thesaurus, a search on Google Scholar followed by scanning of the results for alternative words and phrases, and lastly, the use of the US National Library of Medicines Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search are shown in the third row and will be used accordingly. Patient or Population or Problem Intervention (or Exposure) Comparison Outcomes Type II Diabetes Diet Physical activity N/A Weight management Glycaemic control Incidence of type II diabetes Diabetes Mellitus Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Dietary Management Nutritional Management Diet Therapy Diet Habits Feeding Behaviour Nutritional Therapy - Exercise - Physical Education and Training N/A HBA1c blood sugar Weight reduction plan Diabetes mellitus incidence Incidence of diabetes mellitus Type II diabetes incidence Incidence of Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus The MeSH and other relevant terms as identified above will then be combined with Boolean operators AND and OR and used appropriately. This will lead to combinations such as (i) Type II Diabetes (title) OR Diabetes Mellitus (MeSH) OR Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (MeSH) OR Type 2 Diabetes (MeSH) OR Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (MeSH) AND (ii) Diet (title) OR Dietary management (MeSH) OR Nutritional management (MeSH) OR diet therapy (MeSH) OR diet habits (title) OR Feeding Behaviour (MeSH) OR Nutritional therapy (MeSH) OR physical activity (title) OR exercise (MeSH) OR Physical Education and Training (MeSH) AND (iii) glyc##mic control (title) OR HBA1c or blood sugar OR weight management (title) OR weight reduction plan (MeSH) OR incidence of type II diabetes (title) OR diabetes mellitus incidence (MeSH) OR incidence of diabetes mellitus (MeSH) OR type II diabetes incidence (MeSH) OR incidence of Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (MeSH) OR Maturity-Onset Diabetes Mellitus (MeS H). Truncation and wildcards will be used sparingly, with the following terms adult*, Diabet####, gly##mic. The search will be limited to studies that involved adults as participants. Additional searching will also be done on the reference lists from the identified relevant systematic reviews The results from the search will be imported to Endnote X7 to be assesses of relevance to the current review, duplicates and those not in English language will be removed. The remainder will be assessed by title alone, and the irrelevant ones will be removed. The abstracts of the remaining studies will then be assessed. The full texts of those that will remain will be examined against the following inclusion and exclusion criteria: Original research articles published in peer-reviewed journals. The study participants were adults (18 years and above), and classified to be at a high risk of developing the disease attributable to aggregation of risk factors such as obesity, impaired fasting glycaemia, gestational diabetes, or impaired glucose intolerance. The study will include the interventions of dietary modifications or physical activity or both for the prevention of the condition or weight management and control of obesity. Studies whose outcomes are weight management, glycaemic control, incidence of type II diabetes and other relevant outcomes. Studies published between January 2012 and December 2017. Studies that were only published in English and not translated from any language. The articles full text has to be accessible. Studies conducted both in the clinical and in an academic environment. The following will be the exclusion criteria: Duplicate copies of the same study Studies published in a language other than English Student thesis reports and studies published on company websites. Books or book chapters. Those studies that will have met the above inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review will be tabulated. Study quality assessment The quality of the identified documents will be then analysed. The quality will be based on three factors: internal validity, external validity, and bias. Study quality assessment will be conducted for the purposes of evaluating the validity of the identified studies. As reiterated by Staples and Niazi, (2007), it is quite challenging to determine the extent to which threats of validity have been addressed by the researchers. Therefore, the quality assessment has to be based on research paper structure criteria. For the current study, the assessment will be evaluated on structure: Introduction, Research Method, Results, Research Conduct and Ethical Concerns, and Conclusion. The researcher will evaluate whether each potential study answers the following questions. Does the papers introduction section provide an overview of diabetes, and lifestyle modifications? Does the study clearly describe the research methodology adopted? Are the study results defined in the paper? Are they helpful in answering the search questions developed for the current study? With regard to research conduct and ethical conduct, does the researcher uphold the research code of conduct in the region which the study was undertaken? Generally, the paper should outline how the research upheld the principles of; (a) honesty in communicating the research goals, methods and procedures, (b) reliability in performing the research and also communicating the results, (c) objectivity in interpretation and concluding on the facts and data arrived at, (d) impartiality and independence from interested parties or economic or financial interests, (e) openness and accessibility of the study and its materials, (f) duty of care for the study participants, (g) fairness in proper referencing and giving due credit to the work of others, (h) responsibility for future science generations (European Science Foundation:, 2017). On the conclusion section, does the paper report the findings (both positive and negative properly) And does it address the studys limitations? Search Results A search on MEDLINE with Full Text, CINAHL, and Academic Search Complete identified 372 results. A total of 90 duplicates were removed. Upon assessment of the titles and abstracts of the 282 remaining studies, another 27 studies were excluded, leaving 255 full-text articles for further review (figure 1 below). One (1) paper was further excluded as it had originally been published in Spanish, and even though it was re-published in English, it was excluded as per the current reviews inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of the 254 remaining full-text articles, 158 were excluded. One article was excluded on the basis of just being a study protocol for a study in the future, 5 articles were excluded for not specifying the type of diabetes that was studied, another 8 studies had included subjects who had not made the cut-off age for the current study (18 years). Further, another 11 studies were not accessible, 45 were not peer-reviewed, 37 did not adopt a lifestyle-based intervention (die t or physical activity), another 26 did not meet this systematic reviews criteria, and the abstracts of another 25 studies did not contain adequate information to determine the inclusion criteria had been met. The 96 remaining studies recruited adult samples of 30 to 7,467 participants. The reported mean age was on average, 45 years (37 to 50 years). Female participants made up about 60%. the studies had adopted either diet or physical activity as the lifestyle interventions, and they measured the outcomes in terms of weight management, glycaemic control and incidence of type II diabetes mellitus. Risk of bias within studies The methodological aspect of the first ten included studies were assessed for risk of bias. The assessment was carried out as per the Cochrane collaborations tool for assessing risk of bias (Higgins, et al., 2011). As per the tool, the studies are assessed on 7 parts where there is the likelihood of bias. On the 7 domains, one is to respond with either a yes to indicate low risk, no to indicate significant risk, or unclear to indicate that there was not enough information to come up with the decision on the risk of bias. The median score was 7 (minimum -1, maximum 9); only three studies (Frank et al., 2014; Jacobs et al., 2015; Liubaoerjijin, Terada, Fletcher, Boul, 2016) were regarded as having a low risk of bias , five (Mandalazi, Drake, Wirflt, Orho-Melander, Sonestedt, 2016; Parajuli, Saleh, Thapa, Ali, 2014; Sangeetha et al., 2013; Shu, Chan, Huang, 2017; Yom-Tov et al., 2017) had moderate risk , while two (Grntved et al., 2014; Mikus, Oberlin, Libla, Boyle, Thyfault, 2012) were regarded as having high risk . References Alouki, K., Delisle, H., Bermdez-Tamayo, C., Johri, M. (2016). Lifestyle Interventions to Prevent Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Economic Evaluation Studies. J Diabetes Res., 2159890. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW). (2018, January 18). Diabetes. Retrieved from Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports-statistics/health-conditions-disability-deaths/diabetes/overview CDC. (2016, July 25). 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Long-term effects of a randomised trial of a 6-year lifestyle intervention in impaired glucose tolerance on diabetes-related microvascular complications: The China Da Qing Diabetes Prevention Outcome Study. Diabetologia, 300-7. Grntved, A., Pan, A., Mekary, R. A., Stampfer, M., Willett, W. C., Manson, J. E., Hu, F. B. (2014). Muscle-strengthening and conditioning activities and risk of type 2 diabetes: a prospective study in two cohorts of US women. Plos Medicine, 11(1), e1001587-e1001587. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1001587 Higgins, J. P., D. G., Gtzsche, P. C., Jni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D. (2011). The Cochrane Collaborations tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ, d5928. International Diabetes Federation. (2016). Facts and Figures. Retrieved from International Diabetes Federation: https://www.idf.org/WDD15-guide/facts-and-figures.html Jacobs, S., Harmon, B. E., Boushey, C. J., Morimoto, Y., Wilkens, L. R., Le Marchand, L., . . . Maskarinec, G. (2015). A priori-defined diet quality indexes and risk of type 2 diabetes: the Multiethnic Cohort. Diabetologia, 58(1), 98-112. doi:10.1007/s00125-014-3404-8 Liubaoerjijin, Y., Terada, T., Fletcher, K., Boul, N. G. (2016). Effect of aerobic exercise intensity on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of head-to-head randomized trials. Acta Diabetologica, 53(5), 769-781. doi:10.1007/s00592-016-0870-0 Mandalazi, E., Drake, I., Wirflt, E., Orho-Melander, M., Sonestedt, E. (2016). A High Diet Quality Based on Dietary Recommendations Is Not Associated with Lower Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes in the Malm Diet and Cancer Cohort. International Journal Of Molecular Sciences, 17(6). doi:10.3390/ijms17060901 Mikus, C. R., Oberlin, D. J., Libla, J., Boyle, L. J., Thyfault, J. P. (2012). Glycaemic control is improved by 7 days of aerobic exercise training in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia, 55(5), 1417-1423. doi:10.1007/s00125-012-2490-8 Parajuli, J., Saleh, F., Thapa, N., Ali, L. (2014). Factors associated with nonadherence to diet and physical activity among Nepalese type 2 diabetes patients; a cross sectional study. BMC Research Notes, 7, 758-758. doi:10.1186/1756-0500-7-758 Public Health England. (2016, September 13). 3.8 million people in England now have diabetes. Retrieved from Gov.uk: https://www.gov.uk/government/news/38-million-people-in-england-now-have-diabetes Sangeetha, S., Fatimah, A., Rohana, A. G., Norasyikin, A. W., Karuthan, C., Nik, S. S., . . . Nor, A. K. (2013). Lowering dietary glycaemic index through nutrition education among Malaysian women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus. Malaysian Journal Of Nutrition, 19(1), 9-23. Shu, P. S., Chan, Y. M., Huang, S. L. (2017). Higher body mass index and lower intake of dairy products predict poor glycaemic control among Type 2 Diabetes patients in Malaysia. Plos One, 12(2), e0172231-e0172231. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172231 Staples, M., Niazi, M. (2007). Experiences using systematic review guidelines. Journal of Systems and Software, 1425-1437. Yom-Tov, E., Feraru, G., Kozdoba, M., Mannor, S., Tennenholtz, M., Hochberg, I. (2017). Encouraging Physical Activity in Patients with Diabetes: Intervention Using a Reinforcement Learning System. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(10), e338-e338. doi:10.2196/jmir.7994