Solenoids – Physics coursework

Solenoids Permanent Magnet- Magnetic Field.http://www.diracdelta.co.uk/science/source/m/a/magnetic%20field/source.html Magnets have two poles called North and South.Similar (like) magnetic poles repel. Unlike magnetic poles attract. A magnet attracts a piece of iron. The most important of the two properties of attraction and repulsion is repulsion. The only way to tell if an object is magnetised is to see if it repels another magnetised object. The strength and direction of a magnetic field is represented by magnetic field lines. Field lines by convention go from North to South. A magnetic field is three-dimensional, although this is not often seen on a drawing of magnetic field lines.Electromagnets A magnetic field exists around all wires carrying a current. When there is no current the compass needles in the diagram shown line up with the Earth's magnetic field. A current through the wire produces a circular magnetic field. See what happens when there is a current in the wire. The magnetic field for a coil of wire is shown below. The magnetic fields from each of the turns in the coil add together, so the total magnetic field is much stronger. This produces a field which is similar to that of a bar magnet. A coil of wire like this is often called a solenoid.http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/physics/using_electricity/movement_from_electricity/revision/1/slideshow-1/2/An electromagnet consists of a coil of wine, through which a current can be passed, wrapped around a soft iron core. This core of magnetic material increases the strength of the field due to the coil. ‘Soft’ iron is easily magnetised, and easy to demagnetise- it does not retain its magnetism after the current is switched off. Steel, on the other hand, is hard to magnetise and demagnetise, and so it retains in magnetism. It is used for permanent magnets. The strength of an electromagnet depends on:The size of the current flowing through the coil The number of turns in the coil The material inside of the coil Heinmann physics Domains – http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/ferro.html#c4Ferromagnetic materials exhibit a long-range ordering phenomenon at the atomic level which causes the unpaired electron spins to line up parallel with each other in a region called a domain. Within the domain, the magnetic field is intense, but in a bulk sample the material will usually be unmagnetized because the many domains will themselves be randomly oriented with respect to one another. The main implication of the domains is that there is already a high degree of magnetization in ferromagnetic materials within individual domains, but that in the absence of external magnetic fields those domains are randomly oriented. A modest applied magnetic field can cause a larger degree of alignment of the magnetic moments with the external field, giving a large multiplication of the applied field.FerromagnetismIron, nickel, cobalt and some of the rare earths (gadolin ium, dysprosium) exhibit a unique magnetic behavior which is called ferromagnetism because iron (ferrum in Latin) is the most common and most dramatic example.

Privacy vs. Surveillance Essay

NSA Surveillance Program: A Threat to Civilians Privacy Since the beginning of WWI, spying activity has become a very important part of national security to United States. To track the activity of people, U.S.A. has many spying agencies and National Security Agency (NSA) is one of them. NSA is the main producer and manager of signal intelligence for the United States. It collects, monitors, translates, and analyses global information, and data for intelligence purposes and performs surveillance programs inside the United States. The activity of NSA and the issue of the privacy of citizens has long been debated for decades. With advanced technology and newly installed equipment it is possible to spy on almost everyone. Though the law enforcement officials consider the NSA surveillance programs as necessary weapons in the war of terror, the civil rights groups claim that it is a clear violation of civilian privacy protected by the Constitution of the United States. The U.S. Constitution gives every U.S. citizen the right to protect their privacy. The Fourth Amendment prohibits â€Å"unreasonable ‘searches and seizures’ and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause as determined by a neutral judge or magistrate† (U.S. Constitution). But the NSA argues that because of security reasons surveillance programs should be continued and appeals to Congress â€Å"not to limit the powers† of NSA. After the disclosures of the classified documents by the former NSA contractor Edward Snowden, it has become clear that NSA willingly avoided judicial system, conducted much broader surveillance program and did not abide by the Constitution at a least bit. The Guardia n reports the vastness of the disclosure shocked many people, including the elected representatives of the Congress who were unaware of the extent of the surveillance. NSA conducts domestic surveillance through a number of programs. The agency never publishes any comprehensive, official list of programs. The majority of the surveillance programs are â€Å"classified†, meaning that they are not available to public. The only reason people know about these programs is because of the whistle blower Edward Snowden who disclosed classified documents after meeting Glenn Greenwald, a reporter of The Guardian. The first disclosed classified document was about the â€Å"Pilot  Project†, which contents shook the country. On October 2, 2013 The New York Times reported that NSA carried out a secret pilot project in 2010 and 2011 â€Å"to test the collection of bulk of data about the location of Americans’ cellphones†. The existence of pilot project was also confirmed by James R. Clapper, the director of national intelligence, at a senate judiciary committee hearing. The pilot project â€Å"used data from cellphone towers to locate anyone† who is using any electronic device which is Wi-Fi or cellular technology enabled. This project was a serious violation of Fourth Amendment and has been highly criticized both by the lawmakers and U.S. citizens. As prof. William Stuntz, a criminal justice scholar and a professor at Harvard Law School, points out the Fourth Amendment was drafted partly in reaction to the British Government in eighteenth century which carried out â€Å"general warrants to seize personal diaries and letters in support of seditious- libel prosecutions† that were aimed to suppress political thought. The top secret documents reveal that the NSA is collecting and storing the online metadata of millions of internet users, â€Å"regardless of whether or not they are the persons of interest to the agency† (The Guardians). Metadata is a cloud or â€Å"envelope that includes the duration of a phone call, the identity of the caller and the receiver; for an email it could include the location information, the sender and the recipient, time, and sometimes it’s content, the web browsing history of an user and in some case account passwords. This envelope can be used to create a detailed picture of an individual’s life. From the disclosed classified documents of Edward Snowden, The Guardian reported on September 30, 2013 that â€Å"NSA has developed a metadata repository, codenamed Marina†. Any computer metadata collected by NSA software is directed to the Marina database, Phone records are directed to a separate system. The agency is also gathering information from Facebook, twitter, Skype to build individual profile of every U.S. citizen (The New York Times). This type of practice of NSA greatly hampers civilians’ right to free speech. Extensive surveillance is harmful because it desponds the exercise of civil liberties. Just consider the surveillance of mass people when they are reading, thinking, and communicating with each other in order to make decisions about social and political issues. The only solution to protect our intellectual privacy to ‘think and decide’ is we need â€Å"intellectual  freedom† from state interference.

A Fairy Tale Christmas Essay

Once upon a time there was a very handsome boy. He was going on vacation with his family. The boy was called Sebastian. He was going to celebrate Christmas in Austria with his mom and dad, his grandmother, and his older brother and his older brothers wife and two kids. They were all very exited about it. They had been renting a big cabin 800m up, on a mountain. It was a skiing vacation, so the villa was in the middle of a big slope. The whole family was having a good time. They celebrated Christmas and ate some delicious food. But on the third day, something terrible happened. Sebastian and his big brother was skiing in an area were they hadn’t been skiing before. It was very exiting. The two guys knew about the famous and very dangerous tree-monster. Sebastian had heard some stories about the tree-monster. It was supposed to live in the area where they were skiing. But Sebastian didn’t care. He was very good at skiing and he was skiing very fast sometimes. He was fearless. Sebastian loved to ski off-piste. But Sebastian forgot that there is a lot of trees off-piste. And suddenly, when he was skiing very fast, something grabbed his leg. It was the dangerous tree-monster who had caught him. It tore his ski and helmet off. Luckily his big brother had heard him scream. So he was now running toward the tree-monster with a big axe. He chopped up the big tree-monster into many pieces. Sebastian was saved. The two guys skied back to the cabin where the family was waiting. They were very surprised to see that Sebastian had lost his helmet and skies. But when they heard was had happened. And they were very relieved that the two guys did not hurt themselves. So the family celebrated in seven days and seven nights. And they lived happy ever after†¦

Adult development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Adult development - Essay Example This is for the reason that the adult learners are able to relate to those experiences. The adult learners are, in this case, presented with numerous learning preferences that support learning for varying needs. Motivating adult learners is possible through advocating for teamwork among the adult learners. Learners are challenged to the achievement of various tasks through sharing ideas. The proposed ideas can, hence, be learnt with a lot of ease; thus self actualization of an individual’s needs. Additionally, since the adult learners are best taught using problem-solving approaches, learn experientially, and have reasons for learning, then discussion is of great value to the adult learner. Since adult learning is androgogical- focuses less on the content and more on learning processes- the educator has no alternative but to apply strategies that would boost motivation for learning, for instance, role playing, individual evaluation and simulations. Adult learners must always be kept curious and motivated to learn (Wlodkowski,

Failure and Error analysis Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Failure and Error analysis - Term Paper Example Lastly, acknowledged from the cases is the fact that what leads to failure are leadership, material, tools, and environment and should all be looked into when designing a product in the engineering discipline (Delatte 1-12). Many factors contribute to human error in their daily operation, which include high pressure at work, complexities in technicality tasks, and the environmental disposition. By anticipating human factors principles and research based on a systematic collection of data, does aid in coming up with improved control systems, high quality of information, and enhanced human resource management, which all add up to human safety. The most common cause of errors from human operation according to Brosnan (2008) is the negligence attributed to incompetence, which I have felt in my actions. In addition, ignorance, having an oversight amidst greed contributes to failure (Brosnan 11). Disorganization of the leadership structure breaks communication channel and flow of information and leads to misuse, abuse, and neglect, which breaks down the smooth operation hence attracting failure. Types of errors that exist are the bounded, imperfect and reluctant rationality errors, which all are either indivi dual or collective error in engineering. Errors are also adverse or mild and require to be noted during design to avoid catastrophic accidents. 2000-commonwealth Avenue, 1971 is an engineering error that occurred, and I relate to it personally. The licensing of engineering work in any organization, institution and level of work is crucial (Delatte 1-3). The overseer bodies, which ensure that designs are well-elaborated and meet standards, require that the best practices be adhered. According to the Brosnan (2008) categorization, the issues here were unsafe acts and supervision (Brosnan 13). In addition, the individual errors committed become collective and led to the catastrophe as experienced. From the incidence, leadership, skills, and licensing

Artificial lung Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Artificial lung - Research Paper Example The respiratory system is a complex yet beautiful system to behold. The breathing that the body does cannot take place without the respiratory system. This system consists of the nose, throat, voice box, wind pipe and the lungs. â€Å"We live because we breathe. Inhaled breath brings life sustaining oxygen into our body. Oxygen is the fuel that makes our body function. Every minute we breathe in about 13 pints of air. Our lungs are essentially 2500 km of airways, through which oxygen is delivered to all parts of the body from the lungs, and carbon dioxide exhaled from the lungs is sent out into the atmosphere† (Colon, San Miguel and Zayas, 2004). â€Å"With this in mind, the scientists have developed devices that can help or replace the natural lung. These devices help our respiratory system during an operation or afterwards, but can only be used for a recuperation time† (Colon, San Miguel and Zayas, 2004). â€Å"People who need a lung-transplant can only wait and hope that a donor organ will materialize in time. But all too often, time runs out. In response to the United States' critical shortage of donor organs, researchers have been racing to develop artificial organs that would serve as a "bridge" to transplantation. One such device is the Bio Lung, which may be tested in people soon† (Downs, 2011). This device is called, the artificial lung. The only purpose of the artificial lung is to make sure that the blood has oxygen. This device is not the same as the heart-lung machine, because this one is placed inside the body and it is supposed to replace the work of the natural lungs for a long duration of time. In contrast, the heart-lung machine is outside the body and it is used for short periods, only when needed. According to Marcus (2008), â€Å"Early artificial-breathing devices include the tank respirator, or "iron lung," introduced in the late 1920s and known for its role in treating polio victims. Current treatment for lung failur e is to hook patients up to an artificial respirator. It is costly, immobile and requires intubation, a process that can cause infection, says John Conte, a heart-and-lung transplant surgeon and associate professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine. ‘You don't want to take a patient who's been flat on his back, with poor muscles and infection at the IV site, and do a transplant. That's a recipe for disaster.’ Artificial lungs are small and portable, however, and are designed to allow patients to remain mobile and therefore stronger for surgery.† How the Artificial Lung Works With lungs that are healthy, the vessels that carry blood take in the oxygen that has been pumped from the heart, and after that, they let go of carbon dioxide by breathing out. â€Å"The idea was to develop a new way to study the lung that would be useful in drug development and might serve as a replacement for animal studies. The device, about the size of a pea, mimics the func tion of air sacs called alveoli, which transfer oxygen through a thin membrane from the lung to the blood. The device has three parts -- lung cells, a permeable membrane and tiny blood vessel or capillary cells† (Steenhuysen, 2010). According to Downs (2011), â€Å"The system now used in hospitals is known as ECMO, or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. ECMO machines take over the

Opinonated Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Opinonated Questions - Essay Example There is no communication that occurs between the 99 % on Wall Street and the 1 % that are heavily burdened by the economic times (Eagle, 2005). They are in the real sense creating losses and a cumbersome time for fellow citizens. These are the ones that are situated in strategic business centres trying to earn a living. Their businesses incur huge losses that require compensation. Each and every person has a different understanding in any situation. Dissent is normal in each and every situation. It is necessary to ensure that any situation that brings about dissent is analyzed clearly. Analysis involves thorough research to the dissenting views. They are discussed and the best ideas formulated (Tushnet, 2008). Dissent cannot be hashed. This is because it will bring about rebellion and the dictatorial tendencies that are a result of the quieting of dissents. The Supreme Court, just like any other entity should allow the dissenting voices to present their voices of reason (Wright, 2007). This should always be supported by logical observations, laws and expectations. Many great ideologies are a result of people who went against the grain of the status quo. This was by voicing their dissents and their reasons. Their success was based on the forum to voice and discuss their issue is a calm forum (Sunstein,

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using participant Essay

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using participant observation - Essay Example Moreover, the concept of participant observation also requires maintaining a reasonable distance between the participants and the researchers so that the process of observation is not affected (Atkinson & Hammersley, 1994). Participant observation is a data gathering technique used to understand and examine the thoughts, feelings and views of the participants under their normal routine life (Adler & Adler, 1994; Wiersma, 1995). They are observed in their normal or regular milieu. The method involves the observation of participants’ behavior and requires the participant observer to look closely, listen carefully and ask sensibly (Lofland, 1971). The aim of this paper is to define participant observation in detail by describing the advantages and drawbacks of this method as a researching method. Moreover the paper suggests some possible steps to overcome the weaknesses of this method. Participant observation is widely known as a technique to collect qualitative data. The idea of participant observation is similar to other qualitative techniques which are based on the assumption that there are multiple perceptions about a particular issue in the associated population. Participant observation is always carried out in a community setting. The distinct feature of participant observation is that it does not distract the participants from their normal behavior. Other research techniques include surveys, interviews, questionnaires etc. All these techniques do not ensure the normal and actual attitude of people. People may answer the way the observer wants them or there may be a diplomatic response to the questions in the surveys and interviews. An example can be taken as a slight or considerable change in a person’s natural behavior due to the presence of television camera capturing him. However, the use of Participant observation ensures the correctness of the c ollected data if the observer knows how to tact situations and keep the observations away from

Immigration Policies vs. Influences from a Criminal Justice Dissertation

Immigration Policies vs. Influences from a Criminal Justice Perspective - Dissertation Example The type of policy that is chosen by a country ought to be in line with the societal goals that they do intend to achieve. In most of the cases, as it is mentioned by Taksa, (2001) either religious or racial bias is tied to the immigration policy that a country is dealing with. Despite the fact that immigration policies do vary from one country to another DeLaet, (2000) illustrates in his work that the most vital aspect that is addressed in immigration policies is the issue of refugees and the manner in which they are treated in the host country. The refugees are the homeless and helpless people who seek refuge in these new countries as their mother countries lack any hopes of survival. The policies that are used to address such kind of societal and more of ethnic issues are the ones that comprise the most important part of immigration polices as per Farley, (2008) analysis. It is also brought to attention that the rise of terrorism in the globe today has brought with it very many co nsequences. National Immigration Forum (U.S.) (2000) states that terrorism is the main reason as to why national securities have been tightened more and more. This is an aspect that too has brought very massive consequences that can never be ignored by any country in making its policies to address the issue of immigration. America’s Immigration Policies vs. Influences from a Criminal Justice Perspective The United States of America is a country that has been a product of generations of immigrants alongside their descendants. In spite of this outstanding history that the country has in terms of immigrants and policies that have been strategized for them, the country has been on the spot for mishandling policies that deal with immigration. Consequentially report by Rosenblum, (2000) indicates that the United States of America stands at a very compromising spot in the globe in as far as its management of immigration policies is concerned. On the other hand though, it is worth me ntioning that the openness that the United States of America has had with its immigration policy has been key to a lot of economic prosperity and military power that it has in the global arena today. Immigration policies have become very crucial in the global world today where technology, trade and travel have taken a very huge step on being the main economic activities globally. America’s immigration policies have therefore to be carefully considered factoring in the fact that the three main economic pillars in the world today are being a serious determinant of the economic and military strength that a country does have. It is therefore a great reality as per the sentiments that are put forward by Bustamante, (2002) indicating that with more failure to not only strategize but also implement sound and sustainable policies of immigration, the United States of America faces a massive threat of being a weak economy not only with an imperiled national security but also jeopardize d diplomacy. The importance of immigration policies in America cannot at all be undermined because of the fact that immigration actually comes as one of the greatest stories of success that America can actually talk of. After welcoming very large numbers of immigrants, America has continued to enjoy a highly productive employment force and people well integrated into America’

Navy Uniform Regulations Essay Example for Free

Navy Uniform Regulations Essay In dress uniform, civilian bags will be hand carried only.  All bags worn with the working uniform must conceal its contents and be either solid black or navy blue. No personal ornamentation. No tattoos/body art/brands that are prejudicial to good order, discipline and morale or are of nature to bring discredit upon the Navy are prohibited. Do not wear skirts or dress shoes aboard ship. Do not wear corfam shoes for normal work aboard ship, only when immediately departing or returning to the ship. Same applies for V-Neck/Sleeveless shirts. SOPA – Senior Officer Present Afloat Hair cut for men – Hair above the ears and around the neck shall be tapered from the lower natural hairline upward at least  ¾ inch and outward not greater than  ¾ inch to blend with hairstyle. Hair shall be no longer than 4 inches and may not touch the ears, collar, extended below eyebrows when headgear is removed, show under front edge of headgear, or interfere with properly wearing military headgear. Bulk shall no proceed 2 inches. Color must look natural and compliment the individual. Sideburns shall not extend below a point level with the middle of the ear, shall be of even width (not flared) and shall end with a clean-shaven horizontal line. Hair for women – The hair may touch, but not fall below a horizontal line level with the lower edge of the back of the collar. With jumper uniforms, hair may extend a maximum of 1- ½ inches below the top of the jumper collar. Bulk shall not exceed 2 inches. A maximum of 2 small barrettes/combs/clips, similar to hair color, may be used un the hair. Hairnets shall not be worn. Hair ornaments shall not present a safety hazard.

Financial History of the American Airlines

Financial History of the American Airlines American Airways was incorporated in 1930, becoming American Airlines in 1934. Operating as a passenger and cargo carrier, they also offer freight and mail services. With 9 hubs functioning throughout the country, they average around $522 million a month. In 1939, they began trading stock on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) under the symbol AAL. (Yahoo Finance, November 2013) American Airlines began trading stock publicly on December 9, 2013. In 1970, American Airlines gained its first Caribbean routes, merging with Trans Caribbean Airways. The agreements of the merger were that American Airlines would aid Trans Caribbean in obtaining a total of $10 million in financing. Also, for 100 shares of Trans Caribbean, American Airlines exchanged 17Â  shares. This merger would make for airlines first merger under its current name. (NY Times Archives, 1970.) January 10, 2001, it became public that American Airlines had acquired bankrupt Trans World Airlines (TWA) for $4.2 billion. This transaction made American Airlines the worlds largest airline carrier. American acquired all of TWAs assets, as well as saved the jobs of thousands of TWAs employees by integrating them into their family. (Biz Journals, 2001) In 2003, talks of possible bankruptcy arose for American. Labor unions eventually approved economizing contracts to avoid the bankruptcy, in which employees agreed to accept intense pay cuts in attempts to save the airline. Joy came in 2007, when American reported an annual profit of $231 million for fiscal 2006, its first reporting since around 2000. But, the glory didnt last long, as shareholders announced at their annual meeting that due to soaring jet fuel costs, they would have to lay off thousands of workers, park at least 85 aircraft, cut domestic capacity by 25%, and increase baggage fees and other service offered to customers. An official bankruptcy protection was filed November 29, 2011, after the airline reported a net loss of $471 billion, bringing their total losses to exceed $10 billion since 2001. American had acquired $29.6 billion in debt. Required to run all their future financial decisions across a judges desk, they were permitted to purchase fuel, pay for labor, and other expenditures, to maintain business. In July 2011, they received approval to place the largest plane order in history, buying 460 aircraft from Boeing and Airbus, replacing older planes. The newer models would cut down on fuel and maintenance costs. (Yahoo Finance, 2011) The year of 2012 introduced talks of a merger with US Airways. Agreements were made to exchange financial information so that the companies can research the potential merger. The merger eventually passed February 2013, officially announced on the 14th day of the month, thus the creation of the worlds biggest airline. (Yahoo Finance, 2013) As of December 31, 2015, American Airlines gross profit was approximately $29 billion, with a net operating income of $6.2 billion and a net income of $7.6 billion, all driven by lower fuel costs, American could benefit from the decline on fuel prices. (2015 Form 10-K, AA.com) References American Airlines Investor Information, 2015 Form 10-K. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=117098p=irol-reportsannual History of American Airlines. https://www.aa.com/i18n/customer-service/about-us/history-of-american-airlines.jsp A timeline of events in American Airlines history, November 12, 2013. The Associated Press. http://finance.yahoo.com/news/timeline-events-american-airlines-history-011902886.html American Airlines acquires TWA. December 23, 2001. Biz Journals. http://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/stories/2001/12/24/focus3.html Koenig, David. November 29, 2011. American Airlines files for bankruptcy protection. https://www.yahoo.com/news/american-airlines-files-bankruptcy-protection-121438848.html

Hotel External Environment and Internal Environment Analysis

Hotel External Environment and Internal Environment Analysis Introduction In legal terms Law is defined as, a rule of conduct or action prescribed or formally recognized as binding or enforced by a controlling authority: asÂÂ  aÂÂ  :ÂÂ  a command or provision enacted by a legislature. Basically it is a set of regulation and regulations of conduct, which are practiced in general. These rules and regulations are bound by legislature. In this assignment I will be discussing law in context with Consideration and Contract. Question 1: Marketing emphasises on meeting the needs of the consumers and providing them with value, and benefits, while at the same time handling the organisation in an efficient and profitable manner. Marketing is a process that involves constant adaptation and implementation of the varying consumer trends, and demands. While at the same time having a competitive advantage over the competitors, and while at the same time ensuring that the satisfaction of these needs result in a healthy turnover for the organisation. Objective of the coursework: The objective of this assignment is to analyse the Manor House Country Club Hotels (MHCCH) external environment and internal environment. I shall use PESTEL Analysis, Industry Analysis and MHCCHs Opportunity and Threat analysis to draw out the companys external environment and Core competencies, Value chain, Ansoff Matrix, strength and weakness of MHCCH will be applied to illustrate the internal environment. Overview of the Hotel: In 1992, Manor House Country Club Hotel was established as a family owned business by the Jenkins Family, in Singapore. The MHCCH spans over 3 acres of prestigious reclaimed land, and is operating currently as a single hotel. The Hotel provides various varieties of Luxurious accommodations, and serves tourists from around the World. The hotel also serves its customers with various types of cuisines, from its modernised Restaurant; the hotel also has Bistro that is licensed to sell alcoholic drinks. For corporate meetings and conferences to be held in the hotel, the hotel has adequate premises and facilities. And other miscellaneous services provided by the hotel include a Beauty Salon. In short it can be said that the MHCCH stands up to the luxurious benchmark that it projects. Analysis of the Micro Environment: (Internal) The Micro/internal factors are the forces inside the hotel that can affect the performance of the hotel, thus through the micro environment analysis, we search for and devise a strategy to overcome those shortcomings that might hinder the progress of the hotel. SW (Strength and Weakness) Analysis: (S)trengths: The MHCCH is located at a prime and favourable location, which is easily accessible. The MHCCH successfully depicts its Luxury position in the tourism and hospitality industry, thus differentiating it from the competition. It is licensed to serve alcoholic drinks in the hotel, thus widening its consumer base, and scope for profitability. Additional accommodation was added by MHCCH in 2002, so now it can house more customers, hence an increase in productivity. The Market value of MHCCH is eight times more than its actual value, which is the sign of a profitable and stable business. (W)eaknesses: There has been a consecutive decline in the number of corporate clients for the Hotel in the past years, while the number of trade conferences held in the country has gone up by 30%. Over pricing of the room rates above the average price level for similar rooms in other competitive hotels may lead to a decline in the number of customers. As for the current situation the MHCCH lacks direction in terms of a strategic plan for expansion, and its target consumers, those are essential for the development of the MHCCH. Recommendations: MHCCH can provide better meeting/conferencing facilities to its corporate clients to up the number of corporate bookings. Also it can reconsider its pricing policies and provide trade discounts to its clients. The accommodation/room tariffs to be priced at a market competitive rate, and not at exorbitant prices, which might set the customers off. A strategic marketing and action plan to be set by the MHCCH while keeping its prime priorities in focus. Conclusion: The shortcomings of the MHCCH are not of a major nature, they can be rectified by adopting simple corrective actions, like a strategic plan. It is quite natural for any organisations to face hurdles in its developmental phase. Core competencies: (Micro Analysis) Core competencies are what makes an organisation different from others, in most cases its direct competition. The MHCCH can develop its core competency on the basis of its luxury position in the market. It must aim at providing quality services to its customers at competitive prices. This also increases its foothold in the competitive market. As it is in the core culture of an organisation, to satisfy its customers and providing them the value for their money, that is what constitutes the basic differences among the various organisations. Value chain: (Micro Analysis) The basic motive of the value chain is to provide the customers with a certain level of value that surpass the cost of the activities and ultimately it appears in a profit margin. The value chain of MHCCH is presented below: Quality Service: The hotel management has to ensure that the customers are provided with high quality services that are worth the price that a customer is paying. So that the customer is satisfied. Satisfaction of customer needs: The second step is to meet the specific needs and demands of the customers as per their tastes and preferences, as the service industry tends to be very personal, tailor-made arrangements have to be made to meet the customer needs. Trained and Efficient staff: Every customer expects to be treated in the most hospitable and best manner possible, thus MHCCH should be certain that the staffs is well-trained and efficient when it comes to dealing with the customers. Marketing and Brand building: In this stage, MHCCH is looking for potential buyers to sell the services it offers and to do this they do advertising, pricing etc. And build a reputable image in the market, which is also a crucial factor to Customer satisfaction. There are some aiding factors to the points discussed above which cannot be fulfilled without the help of these: 1). Infrastructure: The aesthetic appeal of the hotel is a crucial factor of the quality it signifies in its service, thus the infrastructure should be as enticing and attractive as the services provided within the MHCCH. 2). Specialisation: To satisfy the specific customer demands, the hotel has to keep in mind that meeting those demands is crucial and difficult at the same time, thus specialisation in fulfilling the customer needs is an essential supporting factor. 3). Human Resource Management: The staff must be recruited and accordingly trained to deal with its customers, as the employees of MHCCH reflect the image of the hotel itself. Thus HRM is a bare necessity in the strategic planning process. 4). Marketing Research: With proper analytical tools and a better understanding of the market, the task of marketing becomes much easier for MHCCH, leaving a long lasting impression in the customers mind. Macro analysis: (External) By scanning the macro the environment, the company can devise a better strategy towards overcoming the identified threats and to utilize the available opportunities. OT: (Opportunities and Threats) (O)pportunities: Tapping the benefits of the high growth of tourism industry in Singapore. High demand of varying cuisines/lifestyles. Scope of expansion in conference/family travel groups. Expand the MHCCH brand by investing in external property, through borrowing/re-investing profit. (T)hreats: Highly competitive hotel industry, competitive pricing, similar services, etc. If proper steps to maintain and expand MHCCH are not taken, then this could be a potential threat to the hotel. Lack of Differentiation is another factor that serves as a threat to MHCCH as there are various segments i.e. budget youth hostels, five star hotels, backpacker lodges, etc. MHCCH should hold on to a particular segment and differentiate itself from others on its basis. Increasing Bureaucracy and the various new rules and regulations imposed by the government can cause hindrances in the expansion plans of MHCCH, e.g. licenses and permits required to carry out some activities in the Hotel. Pestel Analysis PESTEL represents Political, Economic, Social, Technical, Environment and Legislative factors which are external in nature. The current and future change of six key areas can affect the MHCCHs business. The PESTEL analysis explores the broad environment in which the MHCCH is operating. Political Factor: These contain the rules and regulations implemented on the Hotel by the Government. The Singapore government is inclined on increasing its popularity as a tourist destination, thus a beneficial factor for MHCCH. Economic Factors: Singapore is among some of the fastest growing eastern economies, thus the GDP and the public spending is on a constant rise, so is the purchasing power of the citizens of Singapore and the Tourists. Again its in favour of MHCCH. Social Factors: The Cultural and social aspects of a country are highly important to the business, the current trend of the growing demand for new styles of food and drink is a sign of the change in the social factor. Technological Factors: Technology is directly linked to modernisation, the hotel has to keep up to date with the latest technological changes in the business environment, for e.g. Wireless internet, Computer bay, HDTVs, etc. This improves the quality and quantity of the stay of the customers. Environmental Factors: Drastic changes are occurring in the global environment nowadays; also environmental awareness is becoming more common by the day. Environment friendly applications need to be adopted by MHCCH to balance its responsibility towards the environment. Legal Factors: The MHCCH must abide by the legislation operating in their geographical territory (Asian Legislation). This affects their business hugely. It may serve in or against their favour, depending on the legislation. Part B The Manor House Country Club Hotel can expand its business in within the next two years by following these strategies/theories. Ansoff Matrix: The Ansoff Matrix is useful in deciding the companys product and market growth strategy. The Ansoff Matrix in reference to MHCCH is: Market Penetration: MHCCH is building a stronger market position by providing similar luxury services as the other hotels in the same market. Market Development: MHCCH is investing in its site to develop its unused land into small leisure centres. These investments are aimed at developing a stronger position of the hotel in the market. Product Development: The main focus of MHCCH is on developing its service package by improving the infrastructure and attracting more customers. By investing in the hotel, the services they offer can be developed Diversification: This involves MHCCH entering a business that is not currently a part of their agenda, which at the moment it is not doing, but they can consider diversification into the alternatives in future, as it leads to added income and goodwill. Porters Grid Porters Grid is also well known as Porters Five Force analysis. These were developed by Michael E. Porter. The competitive environment of the MHCCH is explored in depth through the Porters analysis below: 1). Bargaining power of the Supplier: The supply in this industry is largely based on FMCGs (Fast Moving Consumer Goods) which is quite flexible considering the fact that the Hotel buys its supplies in bulk quantities. Thus the ready availability of the goods by the suppliers and the perennial demand of the goods limit the bargaining power of the suppliers. 2). Bargaining power of Buyers: There are many alternatives to choose from for the customers of MHCCH as there are rooms of varying levels of luxury and prices, ranging from basic single-bed room to ultra luxury Suite packages. There are other hotels offering similar rooms to them at competitive prices, thus buyers do have their share of bargaining power in this case. 3). Threat of new entrants: The hotel industry in Singapore is facing tough competition not only from the entry of locally based hotels but also giant multinational hotel chains, the new entrants might turn up as a threat for the company. 4). Threat of Substitutes: MHCCH basically provides accommodation oriented services to its customers, while there are a large number of substitutes available for them, to obtain similar services. The main differentiating factor here is pricing, and the difference in the quality of the services. There exists a strong threat of substitutes, but with a well planned pricing policy, this threat may be avoided. 5). Rivalry among competitors: Rivalry among competitors is fairly high for MHCCH as the rivals offer the same services/products, and they operate in the same market and environment. While at the same time there are new competitors entering the market. And also the buyers have the power to buy the services/products at lower prices. Conclusion As of now MHCCH is operating as successful enterprise, which through proper strategic planning can be developed into a much more flourishing business, and a highly successful hotel. But for Manor House Country Club Hotel to successfully expand its business in the next two years, it is advisable for them to adopt the Market/Product development strategy, as it provides them with an opportunity to utilise their available resources in an optimum manner, while at the same time continuing the routine functioning of business.

History of the Computer :: essays research papers

In this report, you’ll about the components and history regarding the computer. A computer is a devise that processes, organize, and calculate, displays information. It can communicate with other computers all over the world. The most powerful computer can perform 10s of billion of calculations per second. People use computers for business, track inventories, and use bar codes, personal home use and other things. Computers can produce information, numbers, images, sounds and movies. Embedded computers control devices such as remote controls. Lets talk about the essential parts of the computer. First you have your outside units like your printer, monitors, modem, floppy disk drive, CD ROM drive, scanner, speakers and keyboard. These things are called peripherals. Printers come in inkjet, laser and thermal. Lasers are much faster than inkjets. The monitor is the television like unit where you observe text and images. Modems permit us to connect to the Internet, which is a global communication network. Modems come in many different speeds. Some are 14.4k, 56k these uses a phone line, cable modem (in only large cities, an internet setup that uses a cable line) and many more. Floppy disk drives are drives where you insert a disk to save progress or install programs from .CD ROMs are compact disk that can read only memory. Scanners are flatbed devises that you can look at pictures at more closely. Speakers allow us to here the sounds coming from the computer. The keyboard is an input unit that produces data bits. Inside the computer you have processors (CPU), Ram, semiconductor, hard disk, the bus and the operating system. Central Processing Units (CPU) a microprocessor that is, a single piece of silicon containing millions of electrical components. It’s input device or memory is communicated through the bus to the CPU, which is the part of the computer that translates commands and runs programs. Ram is the physical memory of a computer. You can use it to run programs that require memory to load. The semiconductor is the silicone object used for computer inner circuit components. The Bus it the flat cable of numerous wires that joins in with components in the computer. For Example: connection to the CPU to the hard disk. The hard disk is where the machine stores data and programs. When a computer is turned on it searches it memory it is called the operating system. Windows 98 and Mac are forms of operating system.

essay :: essays research papers

Halley’sComet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comets have amazed, interested, and driven scientists to study them often. Comets like the Hale-Bopp have been seen by millions of people. Since the discovery of comets, scientists, astrologers, or and even your next door neighbor have been interested in discovering or studying comets. Like Halley’s Comet which has had a real impact on the history of comets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Halley’s comet put on bright shows for the planet Earth ever since 204 BC, maybe even 1059 BC. Its most famous appearance was in 1066 AD, right before the battle of Hastings. It was named after Edmund Halley, who found out its orbit. He predicted that the appearances in 1531 and 1607 were the same comet that made a 76-year orbit. Halley died in 1742, never to see if his prediction should come true, which it did in 1758.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only three comets were ever studied by a spacecraft. Comet Giacobini-Zinner was studied in 1985, Comet Halley in 1986, and Comet Grigg-Skijellup on July 10th, 1992. Halley’s comet made appearances in 1835and then in 1910. Then after in 1984 and 1985, five spacecrafts from Russia, Japan, and Europe were launched to make rendezvous with the comet in 1985. One of NASA’s deep space satellite was reprogrammed to monitor the solar wind that was from Halley.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nucleus(entire body) is an ellipsoidal shape and measures about 16 by 8 by 8 kilometers(10 by 5 by 5 miles). Next perihelion is determined to be in 2061 because it orbits every 76 years. The well developed tail structure of Halley’s Comet is made up of both dust and ion. One of the most spectacular showings was the one when a piece of the comet ion tail breaks off. This was seen and photographed in 1986, by a telescope at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory at NASA. Hall ey’s Comet obviously never came in contact with any other comets or planets. essay :: essays research papers Halley’sComet   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Comets have amazed, interested, and driven scientists to study them often. Comets like the Hale-Bopp have been seen by millions of people. Since the discovery of comets, scientists, astrologers, or and even your next door neighbor have been interested in discovering or studying comets. Like Halley’s Comet which has had a real impact on the history of comets.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Halley’s comet put on bright shows for the planet Earth ever since 204 BC, maybe even 1059 BC. Its most famous appearance was in 1066 AD, right before the battle of Hastings. It was named after Edmund Halley, who found out its orbit. He predicted that the appearances in 1531 and 1607 were the same comet that made a 76-year orbit. Halley died in 1742, never to see if his prediction should come true, which it did in 1758.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Only three comets were ever studied by a spacecraft. Comet Giacobini-Zinner was studied in 1985, Comet Halley in 1986, and Comet Grigg-Skijellup on July 10th, 1992. Halley’s comet made appearances in 1835and then in 1910. Then after in 1984 and 1985, five spacecrafts from Russia, Japan, and Europe were launched to make rendezvous with the comet in 1985. One of NASA’s deep space satellite was reprogrammed to monitor the solar wind that was from Halley.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The nucleus(entire body) is an ellipsoidal shape and measures about 16 by 8 by 8 kilometers(10 by 5 by 5 miles). Next perihelion is determined to be in 2061 because it orbits every 76 years. The well developed tail structure of Halley’s Comet is made up of both dust and ion. One of the most spectacular showings was the one when a piece of the comet ion tail breaks off. This was seen and photographed in 1986, by a telescope at Cerro Tololo Interamerican Observatory at NASA. Hall ey’s Comet obviously never came in contact with any other comets or planets.

History of Philippines Essay

The history of the Philippines is believed to have begun with the arrival of the first humans using rafts or primitive boats, at least 67,000 years ago as the 2007 discovery of Callao Man showed. [1] The first recorded visit from the West is the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan, who sighted the island of Samar Island on March 16, 1521 and landed on Homonhon Island (now part of Guiuan, Eastern Samar province) the next day. Homonhon Island is southeast of Samar Island. [2] Before Magellan arrived, Negrito tribes inhabited the isles, who were subsequently joined and largely supplanted by migrating groups of Austronesians. This population had stratified into hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, petty plutocracies and maritime-oriented harbor principalities which eventually grew into kingdoms, rajahnates, principalities, confederations and sultanates. Iron Age finds in Philippines also point to the existence of trade between Tamil Nadu and the Philippine Islands during the ninth and tenth centuries B. C. 3] States included the Indianized Rajahnate of Butuan and Cebu, the dynasty of Tondo, the august kingdoms of Maysapan and Maynila, the Confederation of Madyaas, the sinified Country of Mai, as well as the Muslim Sultanates of Sulu and Maguindanao. These small maritime states flourished from as early as the 1st Millennium. [4][5] These kingdoms traded with what are now called China, India, Japan, Thailand, Vietnam, and Indonesia. [6] The remainder of the settlements were independent Barangays allied with one of the larger states. The â€Å"balangay† or â€Å"barangay† represented an independent community in the Archipelago ruled by a â€Å"Datu†. There were, however, instances where a Datu of a certain barangay was aided by a council of elders in running the affairs of the barangay similar to privy councils of European monarchs. In that patriarchal society, the Datu and his family constituted the highest authority in the barangay and were therefore considered the equivalent of European monarchs. His rule was absolute. He dispensed justice and declared war against other barangays. Therefore, at the apex of pre-Spanish nobility in the Philippine Archipelago, was the Datu – the term commonly use by the Tagalogs. In Mindanao, ‘Sultan’ and ‘Rajah’ were used accordingly for the highest chief of their respective communities. Spanish colonization and settlement began with the arrival of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi’s expedition on February 13, 1565 who established the first permanent settlement of San Miguel on the island of Cebu. [7] The expedition continued northward reaching the bay of Manila on the island of Luzon on June 24, 1571,[8] where they established a new town and thus began an era of Spanish colonization that lasted for more than three centuries. [9] Spanish rule achieved the political unification of almost the whole archipelago, that previously had been composed by independent kingdoms and communities, pushing back south the advancing Islamic forces and creating the first draft of the nation that was to be known as the Philippines. Spain also introduced Christianity, the code of law, the oldest Universities and the first public education system in Asia, the western European version of printing, the Gregorian calendar and invested heavily on all kinds of modern infrastructures, such as train networks and modern bridges. The Spanish East Indies were ruled as part of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and administered from Mexico City from 1565 to 1821, and administered directly from Madrid, Spain from 1821 until the end of the Spanish–American War in 1898, except for a brief period of British rule from 1762 to 1764. During the Spanish period, numerous towns were founded, infrastructures built, new crops and livestock introduced. The Chinese, British, Portuguese, Dutch, Japanese, and indigenous traders, complained that the Spanish reduced trade by attempting to enforce a Spanish monopoly. Spanish missionaries attempted to convert the population to Christianity and were eventually generally successful in the northern and central lowlands. They founded schools, a university, and some hospitals, principally in Manila and the largest Spanish fort settlements. Universal education was made free for all Filipino subjects in 1863 and remained so until the end of the Spanish colonial era. This measure was at the vanguard of contemporary Asian countries, and led to an important class of educated natives, like Jose Rizal. Ironically, it was during the initial years of American occupation in the early 20th century, that Spanish literature and press flourished. The Philippine Revolution against Spain began in August 1896, culminating two years later with a proclamation of independence and the establishment of the First Philippine Republic. However, the Treaty of Paris, at the end of the Spanish–American War, transferred control of the Philippines to the United States. This agreement was not recognized by the insurgent First Philippine Republic Government which, on June 2, 1899, proclaimed a Declaration of War against the United States. 10] The Philippine–American War which ensued resulted in massive casualties. [11] Philippine president Emilio Aguinaldo was captured in 1901 and the U. S. government declared the conflict officially over in 1902. The Filipino leaders, for the most part, accepted that the Americans had won, but hostilities continued and only began to decline in 1913, leaving a total number of casualties on the Filipino side of more than one million dead, many of them civilians. [12][13] The U. S. had established a military government in the Philippines on August 14, 1898, following the capture of Manila. 14] Civil government was inaugurated on July 1, 1901. [15] An elected Philippine Assembly was convened in 1907 as the lower house of a bicameral legislature. [15] Commonwealth status was granted in 1935, preparatory to a planned full independence from the United States in 1946. [16] Preparation for a fully sovereign state was interrupted by the Japanese occupation of the islands during World War II. [17] After the end of the war, the Treaty of Manila established the Philippine Republic as an independent nation. 18] With a promising economy in the 1950s and 1960s, the Philippines in the late 1960s and early 1970s saw a rise of student activism and civil unrest against President Ferdinand Marcos who declared martial law in 1972. [citation needed] The peaceful and bloodless People Power Revolution of 1986, however, brought about the ousting of Marcos and a return to democracy for the country. The period since then, however, has been marked by political instability and hampered economic productivity.

Pride and Prejudice Themes and Motifs Essay

Class is the target of much of the novel’s criticism of society in general. Austen makes it clear that people like Lady Catherine, who are overly invested in their social position, are guilty of judging that a person’s social rights are strictly defined by their class. Other characters, like the stuck-up Mr. Collins and the scheming Caroline, are depicted as thoroughly empty, their opinions and motivations completely defined by the dictates of the class system. Mr. Collins is not a part of the very high class, but driven by pride, he thinks he is. His marriage to Charlotte was his attempt to recover his pride after being rejected by Lizzy. That is what makes him so obnoxious; his focus is always on showing off himself and his situation in life. To contrast them, Austen offers more positive examples in Bingley and the Gardiners. Bingley is someone from the upper class who wears his position lightly and gallantly. The Gardiners represent the honest, generous, and industrious middle class and are examples of how even the middle class can be as educated and refined as the upper class. Austen does seem to respect the class system in a few ways, especially when it operates not as a dividing power in society, but as a force for virtue and decency. Darcy is the primary example of Austen’s ideal high-class gentleman. Though originally he seems to be an arrogant and selfish snob, as the novel progresses it becomes clear that he is capable of change. Eventually, thanks to Elizabeth’s influence and criticism, he combines his natural generosity with the integrity that he considers a crucial attribute of all upper-class people. He befriends the Gardiners and plays a key role in helping the ungrateful Lydia out of her crisis. The marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth shows that class restrictions, while rigid, do not determine one’s character, and that love can overcome all obstacles, including class. Pride Pride is a constant presence in the characters’ attitudes and treatment of each other, coloring their judgments and leading them to make rash mistakes. Pride blinds Elizabeth and Darcy to their true feelings about each other. Darcy’s pride about his social rank makes him look down on anyone not in his immediate circle. Elizabeth, on the other hand, takes so much pride in her ability to judge others that she refuses to revise her opinion even in the face of clearly contradictory evidence. This is why she despises the good-hearted Darcy for so long, but initially admires the lying Wickam. Yet while Pride and Prejudice implies that no one is ever completely free of pride, it makes it clear that with the proper moral upbringing one may overcome it to lead a life of decency and kindness. In the end, the two lovers are able to overcome their pride by helping each other see their respective blind spots. Darcy sheds his snobbery, while Elizabeth learns not to place too much weight on her own judgments. Prejudice Prejudice in Pride and Prejudice refers to the tendency of the characters to judge one another based on preconceptions, rather than on who they really are and what they actually do. As the book’s title implies, prejudice goes hand in hand with pride, often leading its characters into making wrong assumptions about motives and behavior. Austen’s gentle way of mocking Elizabeth’s and Darcy’s biases gives the impression that such mistakes could, and indeed do, happen to anyone; that faulting someone else for prejudice is easy while recognizing it in yourself is hard. Prejudice in the novel is presented as a stage in a person’s moral development, something that can be overcome through reason and compassion. Austen only condemns those people who refuse to set aside their prejudices, like the class-obsessed Lady Catherine and the scheming social climber Caroline. Austen’s work offers a powerful illustration of the damaging effects to people and to society that prejudice can inflict. Marriage Pride and Prejudice is a love story, but its author is also concerned with pointing out the inequality that governs the relationships between men and women and how it affects women’s choices and options regarding marriage. Austen portrays a world in which choices for individuals are very limited, based almost exclusively on a family’s social rank and connections. To be born a woman into such a world means having even less choice about whom to marry or how to determine the shape of one’s life. The way that society controls and weakens women helps to explain in part Mrs. Bennet’s hysteria about marrying off her daughters, and why such marriages must always involve practical, financial considerations. As members of the upper class, the Bennet sisters would have been expected to become Governesses if they did not marry. However, their father did not make sure they had a thorough education, so they are not qualified to be governesses. Yet as women they are not allowed to inherit anything. As a result, marriage is basically their only option for attaining wealth and social standing. Yet Austen is also critical of women who marry solely for security, like Charlotte. The ideal for her is represented by Elizabeth, who refuses to trade her independence for financial comfort and in the end marries for love. Love The biggest and most obvious theme of this story is love. The book is a big ole’ love story that is not just about how beautiful love is, but other aspects of love as well. Jane Austin also shows how love complicates the lives of the characters throughout the plot. Caroline Bingley’s love for Mr. Darcy makes her bitter. And Jane’s love for everyone makes her fall victim to the schemes of others. And how Elizabeth’s love for her family, make her blind to the reality of how people perceive them. Jane Austin shows that there is a difference between love and lust. She shows this through Lydia and Wickham’s marriage as well as how Mr. and Mrs. Bennett married foolishly and did not truly love each other and therefore had a bad marriage. In every true love story the lovers must separate and overcome numerous stumbling blocks, beginning with the tensions caused by the lovers’ own personal qualities. In Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth’s relationship they had many hurdles. There was the pride theme from both of them, the prejudice theme from both of them, Lady Catherine’s attempt to control her nephew, Miss Bingley’s snobbery and attempts to take Darcy all to herself, Mrs. Bennett’s idiocy, and Wickham’s deceit. In the end, love triumphs all. Through this, Austen suggests that true love is a force separate from society and one that can conquer even the most difficult of circumstances. It is not something that can be defined with marriage or similar class, etc. In each case, love seems to trump class and the other themes mentioned. Austin used these obstacles to create an ultimate love story. She also highlights this theme more by having the very first sentence of the book be, â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife,† and using the character of Charlotte Lucas, who was the one who marries the buffoon Mr. Collins for his money, to demonstrate that the heart does not always dictate marriage. By using love as the theme of her book, Austen inputs her views on love as something independent of these social forces, as something that can be captured if only an individual is able to escape the warping effects of hierarchical society. MOTIFS Courtship/Dating There are two major courtships that occur in the story—those between Darcy and Elizabeth and between Bingley and Jane. Darcy proposes twice to Elizabeth throughout the course of the novel, and Jane and Bingley’s relationship is continually deepening. There are also other less significant courtships which take place, such as the failed attempt of Mr. Collins’s proposal to Elizabeth followed by his successful marriage to Charlotte Lucas. Another example would be the Miss Bingley’s unsuccessful attempt to attract Darcy; Wickham’s pursuit first of Darcy’s sister Georgianna, then Elizabeth, followed by a rich heiress in Meryton, and finally of Lydia. Courtship therefore takes on a profound importance in the novel. Courtship constitutes the real working-out of love. Courtship aka dating, is just a way to figure out if this person likes that person. It’s a sort of forge of a person’s personality, and each courtship becomes a different type of love (or different ways to abuse love as a means to social advancement). Therefore, courtship proves to be of great importance at various points of the novel. Each courtship contains a different kind of love, with marriage usually as the ultimate goal. Journeys There are several journeys in which the characters take, even though most of the action is usually centered around the Bennet household in Longbourn. Jane when hearing word that Bingley has left town, she takes a Journey to London. Elizabeth’s first journey is to visit her friend Charlotte and Mr. Collins, however, on this journey, she encounters Mr.  Darcy and during this time he also makes her his first proposal. Her second journey is with the Gardiners, and it leads her to Pemberley, Darcy’s beautiful estate. Another major journey occurs at the end of the novel, where various people are in pursuit of Wickham and Lydia. This journey ends with Darcy saving the Bennet family’s honour, and then returning to Longbourn again to make his second proposal to Elizabeth. At the end of the novel, Elizabeth, Mr. Darcy, Jane, and Mr. Bingley get married and all live near Hunsford. Which is a big ‘journey’ from where they started in Longbourn.

Brand Philosophy of a Radio Channel

Brand philosophy †It's Hot† the promo for the channel has become everyday lingo of the  youth. â€Å"Its Hot! †¦ Most Popular Radio Channel amongst Youth at the 2nd Global Youth Marketing Forum, the tag line â€Å" its Hot! † conveys that the brand is young, exciting. Radio Mirchi is also very adaptive as it customizes itself based on the city it is in. Radio Mirchi Chennai is typically in Tamil and its slogan ‘What a Fun! ’ has bowled its fans over. Radio Mirchi Mumbai is dominated by Marathi. Thus, the language, culture and region are carefully kept in mind by everyone from the RJs to the producers.Radio Mirchi is truly an innovative radio station. It caters to the needs of all sections of society in spite of its ‘young’ feel. For example, ‘Chatpati Baatein’ is a show for women, specifically housewives, bored out of their wits after a long day of work. Similarly, ‘On the Move’ is for executives and the m overs and shakers of the corporate world. Music, chat shows and interviews are enjoyed by the youth and are relayed throughout the day at regular intervals. It keeps customer informed. Willingness to help customer through different programs. They are having gender base segmentation, age group base, etc.In the early morning they are targeting to the old persons because they likes bhajans & kirtans. In the early morning they stared this programme at 5 am to 7 am. They are providing gift vouchers, gifts couple tickets, etc. So consumer or the listeners are attract and listen the radio mirchi. They are using Clustered Preferences. Radio Mirchi targeted to the college students and teenagers so they are playing hot & new songs. They are also targeting the mature person & they like to listen songs. Radio Mirchi are playing this kind of old songs in the night in the show Purani Jeans.For many different occasions Mirchi came up with unique game or any kind of attractive show. For eg. New Yea r’s, Diwali, R. D. Burman’s birthday etc. customers are highly attracted to all these innovative shows and participated. It uses the tagline â€Å"Sakat hotmaga, Mirchi SunneWale Always Khush, It's hot. Radio Mirchi promotes its radio station in different cities in their local language. The punch line of Radio Mirchi (Mirchi sunnewale always khush) focuses on its customer and the quality of music provided by them. They try to come up with new innovative ideas thereby making their radio the most preferred station with largest listenership.There latest innovation is in the style of radio jockeys. Generally, radio jockeys speak non-stop quite fast entertaining the masses. Their way of telling jokes attracts people. It delivers the best combination of innovative content and interesting initiatives. Their programs: SHOW TIME which target TARGET AUDIENCE, Female oriented Khoobsurat , Quizzes related to Total Filmy bollywood, Sunset Samosa , Play old music Purani Jeans, Ask solution for Dr. Love relationship problems . -Naina Sharma Roll no. -935

Effect Of Forced Swim Stress Health And Social Care Essay

Introduction: Stress is an of import factor of depression that causes the alterations in assorted organic structure systems. The forced swim trial is a normally used stressor trial where rats are forced to swim in specially constructed armored combat vehicles for a peculiar period where there is behavioural activation characterized by vigorous swimming and diving to seek for alternate paths of flight. Animal wellness including homo has been shown to be affected by the nerve-racking events of life bring oning state of affairs which alters knowledge, larning memory and emotional responses, doing mental upsets like depression and anxiousness and emphasis in rats. Methods: The experiment was carried out with 12 healthy albino Wistar female rats weighing about 150-180gms. The animate beings were indiscriminately divided into two groups of six animate beings each. Group – I ( control ) , Group – II ( Stressed Group ) . Group -II rats are placed in fictile armored combat vehicles for 45minutes ( between 9.00 AM – 11.00AM for15 yearss / L-100cm, W-40cm, D-60cm ) deepness of H2O in the armored combat vehicle is -30cm. Temperature of H2O was maintained at 20EsC. During stress stage, the animate beings will be trained for forced swim trial, behavioural alterations observed by unfastened field setup for emotions, and eight arm labyrinth for memory & A ; propensity, elevated plus labyrinth for anxiousness. Consequences: Forced swim emphasis causes to a important alteration ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) on cognitive maps: motive, larning and memory. Forced swim emphasis is the factor damaging the hippocampus causes repeated immobilisation and bring forth wasting of dendrites of pyramidic nerve cells and neuroendocrinological perturbations, controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis ( HPA ) . Repeated emphasis in the signifier of forced swimming activates the free extremist procedures taking to an addition in lipid peroxidation in many tissues. Decision: This survey reveals the consequence of repeated forced swim emphasis causes broad scope of adaptative alterations in the cardinal nervous system including the lift of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) metamorphosis and an increased susceptibleness to affectional upsets. The earlier findings have reported that chronic and acute emphasis processs weaken working memory maps in rats. There are really few surveies on bomber ague forced swim emphasis on working memory position of the animate being. The survey was undertaken to measure the assorted behavioural alterations by using sub ague forced swim. Cardinal Wordss: Forced swim emphasis, knowledge, behavioural alterations and unfastened field setup.IntroductionNerve-racking state of affairss induce physiological and behavioural alterations in an being to keep the homeostasis. Exposure to nerve-racking state of affairss is among the most common human experiences. In response to stressors, a series of behavioural, neurochemical, and immunological alterations occur that ought to function in an adaptative capacity [ 1 ] . Swiming in little research lab animate beings has been widely used for analyzing the physiological alterations and the capacity of the being in response to emphasize [ 2 ] . Swimming is non ever a simple exercising emphasis, because emotional factors are hard to be eliminated [ 3 ] . The forced swimming emphasis developed by Porsolt et Al. ( 1977 ) has now become widely recognized theoretical account for analyzing physical emphasis in animate beings. Water temperature is another of import factor in forced swimming trial. By changing the H2O temperature, Richter ( 1957 ) found that rats could last every bit long as 80 hours in tepid H2O ( 36AÂ ° C ) . Increasing or diminishing the H2O temperature above or below this point influences the overall behaviour of the animate being and changes the engagement of glucocorticoids [ 4 ] . The transition of O during normal metamorphosis to the by-products, H peroxide, Super oxide and hydroxyl extremist occurs by consecutive negatron add-ons to oxygen [ 5 ] . Toxic free groups have been implicated as of import pathological factors in cardiovascular diseases, pneumonic upsets, autoimmune diseases, malignant neoplastic disease, metabolic upsets, and aging [ 6 ] . However, swimming has besides been used to arouse emphasis responses in rats [ 7 ] . This emphasis is normally elicited by an ague forced swim session of between a few proceedingss to half an hr [ 8 ] . Psychological emphasis ( e.g. pes daze, forced swim trial ) raises degrees of corticosterone in the rat [ 9 ] . Which in bend leads to physiological alterations that include increased myocardial infarct size [ 10 ] Increased memory loss and knowledge [ 11, 12 ] . Therefore we set out to find whether forced swim preparation had an consequence on corticosterone degrees or elicited a alteration in behaviour of rats in the unfastened field. Materials and Methods: Animal theoretical account: Adult female Wistar rats weighing between 150-250 g were divided into two groups as Control ( n =12 ) and Stress ( n =12 ) . All the rats were given standard rat Zhou and tap H2O adlibitum and were housed at 25 AÂ ± 2 o C on a 12-hour dark/light rhythm. All the experimental processs were approved by the IAEC ( Institutional Animal Ethics Committee ) adequate steps were taken to minimise hurting or uncomfortableness. Stress processs: Rats were exposed to forced swimming stress day-to-day for continuance of 45 proceedingss between 09.00AM to11.00AM until 21 yearss. They were forced to swim in fictile armored combat vehicles ( length 100cm, width 40 centimeter, depth 60 centimeter ) incorporating tap H2O maintained at a temperature of 20AÂ ° C. The deepness of H2O in the armored combat vehicle was 30 centimeter. A upper limit of two rats were allowed to swim together during emphasis session. The control rats were housed under the same conditions and they were handled every bit frequently the stressed group.Behavioral surveies: Open-field setup ( OFT )The unfastened field trial is a common step of exploratory behaviour both qualitatively and quantitatively. Each rat was placed in the unfastened field for 5 proceedingss to prove for differences in anxious-like behavior and activity. This was done 24 hours after the last turn of swimming exercising. The unfastened field trial is designed to mensurate behavioral responses such as locomotor activity, hyperactivity, and explorative behavior. The unfastened field is besides used as a step of anxiousness. Rats tend to avoid brilliantly illuminated, fresh, unfastened infinites. The setup for the unfastened field trial is a square enclosure ( 1 m by 1 m ) made of black Perspex. To analyse exploratory and locomotor activities as an indicant of emphasis in the rat, animate beings were placed in the left rear quarter-circle of an unfastened field. The figure of line crossings and the entire distance covered by the rat were measured over 5 proceedingss. These are classical steps of locomotor and explorative activities. The more clip the rat spends in the interior zone of the unfastened field, and the more explorative the rat is, the less stressed it is perceived to be. Procedure: Each rat was placed separately in a corner of the field and its behavior recorded for 5 proceedingss. All activity was recorded utilizing a picture camera mounted above the unfastened field and scored subsequently by an advanced motion-recognition package bundle ( Noldus Ethovision version 3.1 package ) that detects and analyzes the motions of the rat. The video image of the unfastened field sphere was partitioned into 36 equal-size squares ; 24 boundary line squares and 12 Centre zone squares. Entire distance, mean velocity, and clip spent in assorted parts of the field ( e.g. the boundary line countries vs. the unfastened, in-between country ) were measured and analyzed. Testing was carried out in a temperature, noise and visible radiation controlled room. During the trial process silence was maintained in the trial room. The behavioral trials were performed from 1-1:30 pm day-to-day to guarantee that normal day-to-day fluctuations in corticosterone, circadian beat and activity did non impact the consequences. The rats were placed in a coop in the testing room an hr before the trial in order for them to acclimatise to the new environment. The unfastened field was cleaned with 70 % ethyl alcohol after each rat had been tested. Each rat was tested separately and in a separate trial room. Throughout the full testing-session, the sequence of events and processs was ever the same and the trial fortunes ( managing, room-features, equipment used ) were as standardised and controlled as possible. The full trial process lasted approx. 20 proceedingss per animate being, and was recorded on videotape to let analysis at a ulterior clip. Elevated plus-maze setup ( EPM ) : Elevated plus-maze is the simplest setup to analyze anxiolytic response of about all type of anti anxiousness agents. Exposure of the animate beings to novel maze back street evokes an attack turning away struggle which is stronger in unfastened arm as compared to enclosed arm. Rodents ( rats and mice ) have antipathy for high and unfastened infinite and prefer enclosed arm and, hence, spend greater sum of clip in enclosed arm. When animate beings enter unfastened arm, they freeze, become immobile, defecate and demo fear-like motions. The plasma hydrocortisone degree is besides reported to be increased, as a true contemplation of anxiousness ( Kulkarni et al. , 2009 ) . The elevated plus-maze was somewhat modified from that used by Lister ( Lister et al. , 1987 ) . Briefly, it consisted of two unfastened weaponries ( 30 cmA-5cmA-0.25 centimeter ) and two enclosed weaponries ( 30 cmA- 5cmA- 15 centimeter ) , widening from a cardinal platform ( 5 cmA- 5 centimeter ) and raised 50 centimeters above floor degree. The maze floor was constructed from black Plexiglas and the walls from clear Plexiglas. The conventional spatial-temporal steps recorded were the figure of entries ( all four paws on unfastened or enclosed weaponries and expressed as per centum of entire entries ) , the clip spent on unfastened weaponries ( expressed as per centum of clip spent on closed plus unfastened weaponries ) , figure of entries on enclosed weaponries and the clip on the cardinal platform. Ethologically derived steps were preparing, rise uping, as an emotionally related parametric quantity. A selective addition in the parametric quantities of geographic expedition of the unfastened weaponries of the labyrinth reveals an anxiolytic consequence ( Rodgers et al. , 1992 ; Pellow et al. , 1985 ) .Consequences:Table 1: Open field setup Parameters MEANAÂ ±SD P VALVUE Control Study Group Peripheral ambulation 74.5AÂ ±15.9 92AÂ ±117 & lt ; 0.05* Cardinal ambulation 13.8AÂ ±3.6 4.33AÂ ±1.86 & lt ; 0.001** Rearing 44.17AÂ ±10.5 24.5AÂ ±7.61 & lt ; 0.005** Preparing 31.5AÂ ±5.58 40AÂ ±9.05 & lt ; 0.005** Immobilization 28.6AÂ ±5.82 40.6AÂ ±5.2 & lt ; 0.004** Defecation 0.83AÂ ±0.41 1.83AÂ ±0.98 & lt ; 0.05* Micturition 0.50AÂ ±0.55 2.17AÂ ±1.47 & lt ; 0.03** *significant ** extremely important Fig-1: Consequence of emphasis on assorted Behavioral Parameters in unfastened filed setup Table 2: Elevated plus maize Parameter MEANAÂ ±SD P value Control Study Group Time spent in unfastened arm 38.3AÂ ±5.72 31.5AÂ ±3.89 & lt ; 0.03** Number of Open arm entries 1.67AÂ ±0.52 0.83AÂ ±0.75 & lt ; 0.05* Number of Closed arm entries 2.67AÂ ±1.03 1.5AÂ ±0.84 & lt ; 0.05* Fig 2: Consequence of emphasis on assorted Behavioral Parameters in Elevated plus maizeDiscussion:Forced swimming has been used to arouse stress response in rats [ 13 ] . Psychological emphasis like pes daze, forced swim trial raises degrees of corticosterone in the rats [ 14 ] . Corticosterone- let go ofing endocrine is normally released during emphasis and might be a factor that suppressed nutrient appetency in the forced swimming emphasis. The importance of our survey is apparent that the nerve cells in the encephalon are exposed to pulsatile form of free corticosterone [ 15 ] . The forced swim trial is used as a theoretical account of stress depression in neurological surveies [ 16 ] . In emphasis linked neuropsychiatric upsets like recurrent depressive unwellness, there is grounds of structural alterations in the hippocampus, a encephalon part extensively studied with respect to emphasize [ 17 ] . The present informations indicate that forced swimming emphasis a period of 21 yea rss, 6 hr decreased the whole organic structure weight and nutrient consumption and increased weights of liver, kidney and adrenal secretory organs and explorative behavior. This experiment indicate that 21 yearss of day-to-day emphasis is associated with impaired acquisition and public presentation of a spacial memory undertaking, the behavioral theoretical accounts suggest that the hippocampal wasting nowadays after the emphasis [ 18 ] . The present findings suggest a possible function for endoge-nous opiates in behavioural rousing [ 19 ] . Immobility clip in the emphasis group was 6 hours/ twenty-four hours for 21 yearss significantly reduced the stationariness clip. These consequences indicate that the swimming emphasis caused a down province in the stressed group. Refering neurotransmitters in the hypothalamus part, 5- HIAA/5-HT ratio significantly decreased in the stressed group due to increased 5-HT degrees and decreased 5-HIAA degrees compared to the rats without FST, propos ing that the lessening of the ratio perchance reflects the diminution of 5-HT metabolic activity due to swimming emphasis. These phenomena may be included in cardinal mechanisms of the development of depression. Forced swim emphasis causes to a important alteration ( P & lt ; 0.05 ) on cognitive maps: Forced swim emphasis causes Peripheral Ambulation P & lt ; 0.05, Central Ambulation P & lt ; 0.001, Rearing P & lt ; 0.005, Grooming P & lt ; 0.005, repeated Immobilization P & lt ; 0.004, Defecation P & lt ; 0.05, Urination P & lt ; 0.03, Time spent in unfastened arm P & lt ; 0.03, No. of unfastened arm entries P & lt ; 0.05 and No. of closed arm entries P & lt ; 0.05 and factor damaging the hippocampus causes produce wasting of dendrites of pyramidic nerve cells and neuro endocrinological perturbations, controlled by the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis ( HPA ) . Repeated emphasis in the signifier of forced swimming activates the free extremist procedures taking to an addition in l ipid peroxidation in many tissues [ 20 ] . Decision: This survey reveals the consequence of repeated forced swim emphasis causes broad scope of adaptative alterations in the cardinal nervous system including the lift of 5-hydroxytryptamine ( 5-HT ) metamorphosis and an increased susceptibleness to affectional upsets. The earlier findings have reported that chronic and acute emphasis processs weaken working memory maps in rats. There are really few surveies on bomber ague forced swim emphasis on working memory position of the animate being. The survey was undertaken to measure the assorted behavioural alterations by using sub ague forced swim.

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