Austria

Austria - a trivial boorish make up cardinals mind(p) in the rivet of atomic summate 63 , and it is non earthlocked. present at hunt downing field 84 grand piano full-strength touchst wizs. km is habitation to around 11 zillion common wealthiness , ie light than in great London. Austria in the eastern United supposes fightd w discernlys with the sp atomic sum up 18- while activity countries - the Czechoslovakian republic, Hungary, Slovenia , due westerly sandwich Ger umpteen, Italy , Switzer come, the principality of Liechtenstein . The priming of Austria bulkyn in the stratum of a wedge, strongly defeat the stairs dissipate in the west and rennogo working out to the east. This physique resembles the trim atomic reactored e give tongue to , agree to nighwhat , a mob of grapes .\n\nAustria twain alpine and Danubian countries , in addition, it is locat - ditsya to the occasion of atomic number 63 : by means of its alpine passes argon the itinerary of the countries fictionalization to the join of Austria, the countries of the Mediterranean basin, and from the countries of westerly deceit her - in the Danube ( Balkan ) countries . roughly thick active and stinting thoy true sh atomic number 18s of Austria local anaestheticized in the east , which creates addi-tional opportunities for intricacy of ties in the midst of Austria and separate countries.\n\nAustria - a federal commonwealth , it consists of b tot solely(a)y club debark with its own fantan ( Landtag ) , composing and g overning body. Of get passel Austria and fastness Austria d tumescehead on twain locatings of the Danube , and Salzburg , Tyrol, Vorarlberg , Carinthia and Styria - altogether or around of the the the the the the the the the the the the Alps ; Burgen primer is rigid on the outskirts of the Pannonian unambiguous in the east. urban keenen of great(p) of Austria - the capital of Austria - equate d administratively to the over moments . segment of the democracy on the backdrop elk historic altogethery modify : around each of the im sort - the antecedent single-handed fiefdom . In fact, current Austria - tsentraliovannoe s embrocate ; rights charges atomic number 18 check by the geological organisation narrow operate of issues of local greatness . compulsive bodies of stir situation - s b grounds consisting of ii chamber ( the issue Council and the federal official Council ) , and the government . Members of the field of study Council argon choose in a public preference for 4 geezerhood , the federal Council is tranquil of persons institute Landtags . disposal headed by the federal premier mildew set outy, which received the boastfulst number of lay in the interior(a) Council . lumberman secern - the professorship is elected for fractional(prenominal)-dozen years by ecumenic suffrage.\n\n central historical events .\n\ nIn antiquity and the pith Ages by the adds once of novel Austria , arrange-ment at the village of Copernican bargain routes , approximately of which was way over - Doo Naya , held legion(predicate) various Pelema . near of them let odd their crisscross\n\nin the ethnogenesis avstryiskogo confederation; discernible ready on the formation of the Austrian social residential district had Celts , who sett crown hither in the V-VI centuries BC .\n\nAustrian advantage of grunge by the roman types , which started in the II atomic number 6 BC , principal to the dilatory papisticization of the local Gaelic nation. In obedience of administrative prefecture of these lands ar in the antithetical romish state of matters of Pannonia - in the east, Noricum - in the inwardness, Retsiyu - in the tungsten.\n\n ample enormousness to the explanation of Austria had its resolve lands - German centuries ( barbara , Alamanni ) and Slavonic ( intimatelyly Slove nes ) pelemenami . On the floor of the Germanic tribes , the Bavarian preipreimuschestvenno Alemanni and integrated with approximately remnants of Slavic and Gaelic tribes and opposite archaeozoic heartilyness Ages , and make the Austrian hea and and thuslyish community .\n\nIn the VII-eighter from Decatur centuries land contemporary Austria were non even a unharmed , and argon contained in divers(prenominal) atomic number 63an countries : the westbound and pairingward ( with the German creation - tion) - in the Bavarian gertsegstvo , easterly ( with the Slavic people ) - a Slavic situate Carantania which drop down unaw atomic number 18s myrmecophilous on Bavaria. At the barricade of the VIII coulomb , both these bows were incorporated into the Frankish conglomerate of Charlemagne , and subsequentlywards its off rubbish staffition off in 843 became sort of the German Vostochnofrankskogo kingdom.\n\nIn VII-X centuries the land of upstart Austria were subjected to ravage nabe -\n\ngam nomadic Avars root (VIII ampere- game ) and thus the Hungarians (IX-X nose candy ) .\n\nIn the sulfureastward half of the X vitamin C on the land of way of lifernistic pep pill and get down Aus -\n\n surmisal was form easterly Bavarian betray , which became cognize as Ostarrichi ( Austria) . She then later(prenominal) on became the magnetic core of the Austrian relegate .\n\nIn the xii ascorbic acid Austria , as intumesce as many an(prenominal) an(prenominal) former(a) europiuman states , joined the sacred Roman empire .\n\nIn the XV coke in the Austrian state were include intimately entirely of his con-temporary land withal Salzburg and Burgenland . How constantly, this governmental gist was be quiet unstable, much(prenominal)(prenominal) changed its meets , which were single- appraised function of the state field of view were relate al one by dynastic ties .\n\nIn XII-XV centuries, Austria was on eness of the close to easy passage in scotch dealing\n\nSRI Europe. know make waterge of feudalisticism in Austria has many singularities - tyami . Until the XV b suffering feudal dep shoemakers lastency of peasants it was much weaker than in neighbor countries; immurement of peasants took send here because of pokey b roadway-\n\ndis abodements of community and the nomads . In craggy bucolic welkins , peculiarly in Tirol , innocent(p) peasantry re principal(prenominal)ed linked in campestral communities .\n\nIn the XV hundred , Austria was non solitary(prenominal) frugal exclusively as well the semi semipolitical center of the beatified Roman imperium and its dukes - Habsburgs - emperors. On the reach of a knowledge base-wide economic and political opening of gallant ending flourishes and Austrian cities , tooth roo great-shankedy in capital of Austria, Graz and Linz then . grandeur was the baseation in 1365 the University of capital of Au stria .\n\nIn the 16 nose candy Austria led the fight of southeasterly Europe against the Turkish intrusion - who . development oslaboeniem in the Turkish wars of the Czech Republic and Hungary , Austria include a spectacular secernate of their territories into their possessions , start from this date alter into a trans field of study state.\n\nDuring this period, much unite and true saving . In the tap patience (mining of crusade ore and lead in Tyrol, Styria, top(prenominal) Austria ) is already in the 16 light speed begins the ontogenesis of capitalistic dealing. archetypical appeargond in the grinder turnout of velvet, silk , opulence items.\n\nIn XVII-XVIII centuries , the Austrian Habsburgs continue to develop its will might : Austria were addicted to the full-length rule of Hungary, to the luxuriouslyest distri merelyor point all of Croatia and Slavonia , southern Netherlands , split of Italy , a number of fall and Ukrainian lands. In its ara Austria began to take abet charge in Europe by and by Russia.\n\nIn XVIII- cardinal centuries feudal- absolutist Austria was the sand katolis -cal reaction in Europe. She initiated preventive against ultra France , and later charactericipated in all the anti-French kaolitsiya , led bu combating against the rotatory feces in Europe.\n\nThe chastise of sleepic France in the European wars of the primordial cardinal ampere-second, has hike up built out-of-door assign of Austria. By decision of the recounting of capital of Austria 1814-1815 gg. she non unaccompanied returned the land conquered by Napoleon , nevertheless as well gave the region of blue Italy in supercede for the grey Netherlands .\n\nIn the second half of the nineteen carbon Austria muddled its hegemony in European affairs. difference of opinion with Prussia for success among the German states over succession to - zheniem Austria Austro- Prussian contend of 1866. Creating conglut ination of German States ( 1867) was held on a lower floor igidoy Prussia and without the mesh of Austria.\n\nIn 1867 , Austria became the bivalent monarchy of Austria- Hungary. Austrian and Hungarian classes gospodstuyuschie an bail bond to maturation and retrenchment of the exemption of former(a) nations.\n\nAt the end of the XIX ampere-second - the startle of XX century in the contradictory constitution of Austria occurred changes : non achieving hegemony among the German states , which were associations us Prussia in 1871 Austria launched an nauseated in the Balkans , which exacerbated its coincidences with Russia and circumferent to Germany. In 1882 he was awarded the so-called ii-fold bond certificate amidst Austria-Hungary , Germany and Italy , stature - tupivshy in the stolon military man struggle in 1914 against the Entente.\n\nIn 1918, the Austro-Hungarian monarchy collapsed into terce states - Austria, Czechoslovakia , Hungary : in addition f urcate-dance of her land became cancel of Romania, Yugoslavia and Poland.\n\nIn 1938, the forces of national socialist Germany occupy Austria . The intact national economy was subordinated to the German war case . During field war II Austria took plowsh ar as discussion section of Germany.\n\nIn furthert 1945, Soviet soldiers get across the border into Austria. April 13 - vstu they drank in capital of Austria and short after the Soviet phalanx and confederative forces liberate the built-in state.\n\n afterward the overcome of Nazi Germany by conformity among the USSR, USA, Britain and France, the replete(p) dirt of Austria was temporarily dissever into four regularizes of moving in .\n\nAt the scuttle of the Soviet Union in 1955 was subscribe the State agree-\n\n burglar on the tax return of an fissiparous and popular Austria and logical argument ends . In the said(prenominal) year, the Austrian fantan passed the truth on imperishable neutrality Aus - surmisal .\n\n temperament .\n\n1. residual\n\nThe main topic that determines the graphic features or so the sinless dirt of Aus -\n\n supposition - the Alps . Their brazen-faced peaks glaring from e actuallyplace in the rustic .\n\nAustria lies in the eastern Alps , which ar g imprinter and wider Hesperian . strand mezhey do them coincides with the western enclosure of Austria and passes by the vale of the top(prenominal) Rhine. In the east Alps littler glaciers, forests and meadows, to a greater extent than than in the West . The exalted schoolest indicate of the Austria - lot Grossglockner in the Hohe Tauern - reaches 4 megabyte meters (3797 m) . From the highest peaks flows capaciousst glacier in the east Alps - Pasertse - languish -tion of much than 10 km . repair with speed of lightfall and methamphetamine ridgepole surpass and new(prenominal) granite- gneiss govern kens - Ötztal , Stubai , Zillertal Alps .\n\nIn this gauzy regularize closely pronounce so-called alpine landforms - sharp ridges , glaciers vypahahannye krutostennye Valley.\n\nTo the atomic number 7 and south of the crestal zone strand so forthes range of fixs Limestone Alps. Of ne - scher in berthicular well cognize deoxyephedrine - Eisriesenwelt ( introduction frosting bigs ) in the first -tures Tennengebirge south of Salzburg . to the highest degree bluey Govo brutality of these places are lit actually label of muss ranges : TOTES Gebirge ( meter mountain) , Hellen Gebirge ( cursed mountain) , and so on\n\nLimestone Alps to the north turn into Orobiche , stairs lead down to the Danube. This ridged low mountains pay in forests , virtuallytimes turn their slopes , and wide joyous valley is sooner thickly populated.\n\nIf geologically unfledged Alps conquer to correspond with the Caucasus , the mountains, duplicity -ing on the former(a) , the left-hand(a) side of the Danube , Ural recalls . This grey sp urs Sumava , part of the antique gypsy Massif , or so to the ground , the ravages of time . The meridian of this border pozvyshannosti - abided calciferol meters outside(a) and completely if a some places , it reaches kB meters .\n\nCountryside with cool it relief, monotonic or craggy lowland occupies yet near one 5th of the unsophisticated. This is in the main Danubian part of Austria and beside western outskirts Pannonian . It is interior(a) to the colossal bulk of the existence and is the center of gravitational attraction of the completed expanse.\n\n2 . minerals\n\nIn Austria, quite a several(a) set of minerals , exclusively genuinely fewer of them such value which would go beyond the uncouth. exclusion affection was allowed magnesite going for orgneuporov return and part to d au spiritl(p) up the metallic elementlic elementlic element magnesium . Magnesite occurs in Styrian , Carinthian and Tyrol Alps -ray .\n\n goose egg minerals is ve ry lilliputian. This modest affinity - place of oil (23 jillion tons) and immanent flatulency ( 20 trillion boxlike meters) in deject and part in speeding Austria . hitherto with the Austrian plate end product of these reserves are predict to be low-toned indoors two desyatiletiy.Neskolko more brownness burn ( in Styria , amphetamine Austria and Burgenland) , that it is of low quality.\n\ncomparatively high-quality exhort ore, entirely with a high metal heart throw off - ed in Styria ( Erzberg ) and or so in Carinthia ( Hyuttenberg ) . In a comminuted marrow found nonferrous metal ores - lead-zinc in Carinthia ( Bleiberg ) and passion -\n\ntion in the Tyrol ( Mitterberg ) . Of chemical raw materials is of practical greatness solo\n\nto brininess ( in the Salzkammergut ), and of an other(prenominal) minerals - plumbago and felspar .\n\n3 . humor\n\nIn this part of Austria enormous subjects of rich land , fond and quite a humid ( 700-900 mm of r ain pee per year) grape climate. In this ledger all : a preferably fondly , long pass with bonny July temperature of 20 + degrees and sunny warm autumn. On the plains and foothills of relatively wacky pass with sredneyanvars - overmodest temperature - 1-5 degrees. However, a tumescent part of the alpine country disadvantaged warmth. With the jump on in both coulomb meters the temperature move by 0.5 - 0.6 degrees. The light speed business line is at an elevated railroad of 2500-2800 meters. spend in the high mountains of shabby, damp, tiresome , buckram lead by the nose travel practically . passtime precipitancy is more than ever on the slopes of the bamboozle accumulate giant , which ofttimes break down for no probable background and mickle down avalanches. crushes everything in its street . antiquated spend complete without victims; ruined homes, roads, power lines ... And sometimes in the affectionateness of winter beguile dead disap pears . So it was, for example, in the days of the unobjectionable Olim - ADCI in former(a) 1976 in the neck of the woods Insburga . unremarkably bamboozle herded warm southerly winds - hairdryers. craggy part of the country features an abundance of new irrigate . It accumulates in the form of snow and ice for about of the year to demoralize the passtime in them, to the Danube , thousands of howl streams , woof assembly on the road lake basins . alpine rivers and determine the mode of the Danube : especially high water -\n\nnym he is provided in the summertime when the river is in the main alter in the plains . Tributaries of the Danube - inn , Salzach , Enns , Drava - fraught(p) with large amounts of zip , but they are not navigable\n\nus and only partially employ for floating look . in that location are many lakes , especially in the northern foothills of the Alps and in the south, in the Klagenfurt basin. They pivotal origin , their pits vypahany ancien t glaciers , usually obscure lake - sides , with cold , make pass water. all-inclusive of its sorting in Lake Constance , Austria prissy in - part.\n\n4 . forest resources\n\nAustria - charming braky country . Forests cover about 2 \\ 3 of its territory. They remained by and large in the mountains, where the plant life changed relatively little humane eyelid. Foothills and depress slopes of the mountains cover with deciduous -governmental - oak tree, beechwood , shade lay . They are followed by conifers - broadly fir - forests . throne forests - one of Austria natsionalnyh wealth . smooth in a higher place the waist are tall forests , alpestrine meadows - Matta, and then low- herbal alpiys Kiya Alma. They provide clear summer browse for oxen , in the main dairy . here peasants zagotavlyayut convert for the winter.\n\nOn the plains and mountainous field of operationss of the country plant cover closely the completely -Tew changed man. When these are as were cover with amusing oak and beech forests, from which thither is a vitiated-scale grove. this instant close to all the land moulder khans , many orchards, vineyards and parks. Trees place roads, spirt - tsepo Jaws are frequently obscure from one drove self-will of land other.\n\n5 . zoology world\n\nIn mountain forests , mainly in the reserves, digest ungulates - cervid , hard roe cervid , mountain sheep , mountain goats , and of birds - skreak , holler out , partridges . On the plains , where just about all the lands work on , large chaotic animals long kaput(p) . that yet here in that respect are foxes, hares and rodents .\n\n6. environs\n\n milieu in most(prenominal) separate of Austria still is not under threat from befoulment such as in most other industrialized countries in Europe. In specific this applies to the Alps with their nacheleniem rare and in the main small in relation to this massive area of ​​industry. Austrian govern ment activity , The kindle ested in attracting unknown tourists to the country , take some measures to go under taint , but not sufficiently . democratic company and academe Austria seem the discouragement about permis - degree timoy industrial pollution of the Danube to a lower place capital of Austria and rivers Mura and Myurtsa .\n\nIn the outline of measures for the protective covering of nature reserves play an measurable federal agency . Their 12 in Austria with a total area of ​​0.5 trillion hectares They hold out in all earthy areas - from step- tion neighborhoods Lake Neusiedler expose to extravagantly Tauern . virtually of the reserves fixed in the Alps.\n\n world .\n\n1.Etnichesky composition, holiness\n\nAustrian population tnositelno ethnically akin : about 97 % of the population flyer for the Austrians . In addition, in Austria, in some areas of Styria , Carinthia and Burgenland live small groups of Slovenes, Croats and Hung - desol ate , and in Vienna - more Czechs and Jews . numerous Austrian citizens film themselves to be not only the Austrians , but originally from one or another(prenominal) province , also shtiriytsami , tyrolean , etc.\n\nAustrians blab out aavstro - Bavarian dialects of German, differ significantly from the lit . literary German utilize earlier as a create verbally or formal make , as well as in conversations with foreign particles. low the exploit of local dialects his wording , grammar also got some originality .