Environmental Law, Case Briefings Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Environmental Law, Briefings - Case Study Exampleach exemption were made, it was found that it failed to comprise of the consequences of the measurements abject on it was found that the move could non review the specific legal conclusion and its reasonableness until and unless the EPA discussed the count on of assimilative-capacity loss and went to clarify why it thought of them as insignificant Further the approval of EPA of Kentuckys categorization of authorized waters as appropriate for Tier I rather than Tier II protection was not arbitrary, contrary to law and capricious. Thus the case was remanded to the EPA and it was allowed to take into account of and then properly address the dearth in consideration the exceptions known as de minimis.The case involved a ruling under subject field Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and there wee many defendants and plaintiffs. The case concerned the use of genetically modified crops which was a controversial practice and to be precise it was the use of hebicide resistance alfalfa which was wee by Monsanto.The facts concerned Monsanto Company which had been involved in large scale production of chemical products including the herbicides and pesticides. It positive a new genetically modified alfalfa in 1990s which was approved by the brute and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in 2005. This is an appeal for injunction which pending the environmental cushion statement(EIS) was sought by the plaintiffs Geertson Seed Farms and Trask Family Seeds (conventional alfalfa-seed farms) and environmental groups who argue that such cross-pollination may cause conventional alfafa to finish. Monsanto and its licensee shit been on the side of the governments and acted as the defendants.The Court of Appeal cited the decision of injunction which had been given by the regularize court and it was stated that subject to the pending EIS assessment and the deregulation decision, the injunction would be upheld. Despite the fac t that there was no sufficient evidentiary hearing which was present due to the fact that the district court had performed the traditional test of balancing, so the injunction would be acted upon till the completion the analysis of the APHIS. It needs to be pointed out that the Court clearly illustrated that there was no matter of law which was involved.Wong v. Bush, U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals no(prenominal) 07-16799The plaintiff in this case were those who had taken active part in the protest which had taken displace on August 26 and 27, 2007, which opposed the Hawaii Super ferrys(HSF) operation to the Nawiliwili Harbor in Kauai, Hawaii, by saying that it was illegal. The Appellants went on to appeal from the district court which denied them the motion for declaratory relief, restraining order for provisional period, a preliminary injunction and a permanent

Managed Care System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managed Care System - quiz ExampleTill 1980s there was only a trifle between the public and cloak-and-dagger players of health care. But, the overall pay system concentrated on tiptoe for service basis. Accordingly, each run across was counted as an episode. The physician had the liberty to administer treatment according to his diagnosis.As private insurance broadly dominated the scene, the physicians, to fulfill their selfish ends, could also recommend for unwanted tests, hospital stays and drugs. Patient gum elastic was their only cap and they could re-jig monetary considerations underneath this consideration. The insurers also never complained as major bill payment was a responsibility of the employers.But, employers understanding this disadvantage started to backlash on the reasons of uncapped expenditure and over role of resources. This of course was a valid point. As more and more are getting enrolled into the health care, fee for service model has become out(a)dated giving way for Managed Care Organizations (MCOs). (Christensen. C., Grossman. J., Hwang. J. 2009)As accountability comes into picture, redundant expenditure gets curbed automatically. From past 30 years, MCOs have been well placed and growing in the market. The primary(prenominal) postulates of their existence areLowered rates of hospital admission, in patient treatment, procedural expenditure. This has resulted in a mixed result of outcomes that some patients were treated satisfactorily while many did not have that delight about care practices.Development of state insurance sector commensurate to private players. Giving an unavoidable choice to the employer and employees to be enrolled into those organizations for reduced health costs. (Anonymous., 2010).All these recommendations by the bill only point out that the MCOs are here to stay for some more time. If not for them, accountability and cost reducing for the insurers purpose fulfillment would never be possible.In short, th e arrangement seeks to reduce the health

Critical evaluation of the business strategy adopted by Ryanair Essay

Critical evaluation of the business strategy adopted by Ryanair - act ExampleDuring the last few years the low cost airline industry has notices a human body of landmark deals including those high profile acquisitions and mergers. The Ryanair airline has increasingly been becoming disconcerted about the growing terror from number of low cost no-frills airlines including Easy Jet, BMIbaby, Aer Lingus, DFDS Seaways. Against this backdrop of ever increasing competition, its domineering for Ryanair to initiate some far reaching changes in its HRM sphere (Simon, 2002). Cutting into existing niche mart segments in the European Union has become too fashionable today because many of those airlines that venture into pertly commercialize segments do so without paying much attention to the consequences of the unfolding scenario of competition.While Ryanair is not merely in the budget airline market segment in Europe, there are formidable constraints face by its rivals in the evolving st rategic regulatory and competitive environments. For instance Ryanairs own formidable trade machine has not been able to overcome some of the very difficult issues such as the market/customer orientation strategy of rivals. Above all the competitor orientation strategy of rivals has forced Ryanair to run down prices below a certain minimum.The current market-centric performance of the Ryanair is determined by their internal and outer environments. Thus Ryanair being an Irish low cost airline just focused on dower a niche market segment in Europe could have done still fall apart to manage its HR function in the light of its strategically advantageous position. HRM involves such tasks as recruitment, teaching & development (T&D) of skills, employee relations, retention and motivation strategies, workplace culture and delegation of power, authority and responsibility. Effective HRM practices must be aligned with organizational outcomes such as internal value chain

Euthansasia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Euthansasia - Essay ExampleThe thing that was brought to nonice from the acceptance of mercy killing in whatever regions like Oregon (United States) can be considered as the harsh truth. The act of euthanasia even results in assistance of death to those who aim for suicide even though their ailment is chiefly depression and non painful physical condition. Several other wrong practices find their way under the roof of euthanasia, which becomes all-important(a) to be addressed with prominence of attention. holy Bible, the most important religious book of Christians directs the thoughts and believes of a somebody the acceptance of God as the power who alone should hold the right to take away life. Thus, euthanasia, a practice by means of which assisted suicide is provided to the patients in terminally ill position is not within the acceptance boundaries of ethics as presented in the holy Bible. As per Bible and believers of bible solo Almighty Father hold the right to take away t he life from the human body. Thus, acceptance of euthanasia or assisted suicide essentially leads to the violation of the laws of the Bible. Christians who hold strong believe in Holy Bible and its teachings present themselves with the situation in which respect for the holy words should be given and pastime of the teachings should be strictly adhered. Thus, the acceptance of assisted suicide for the terminally ill patients as well should not be practiced as per Christianity. We hereby discuss few papers on euthanasia that has been published on the basis of studies carried out on the topic of euthanasia.Euthanasia- In the light of scientific query Haverkate (1998) and colleagues performed a record to describe the presence of and compliance with guidelines in the cases of euthanasia and intensifying of the alleviation of pain and symptoms. The study also held its focus to the understanding of the opinions of physicians about written guidelines. In addition, the relationship betwe en meeting of the requirements for prudent practice and presence of and compliance with guidelines or euthanasia was studied (Haverkate, 1998). Interview was used as the method of entropy assembling. And the results revealed that in case of meeting the requirements for prudent practice, there existed no significant differences between cases of euthanasia in which EAS (euthanasia or assisted suicide) guidelines were present and the ones in which there were no such guidelines. In addition, the presence of guidelines seemed to start better adherence to consultation and other essential actions. However, it is essential note that the study had a limitation, for the collection of data was based on the self-report of physicians and the content of guidelines was not verified. We therefore prose that well-designed, large sample sized research studies should be conducted so as to further assure the results as revealed from this study. In another study, Rurup (2005) and colleagues attempted to bring out more about the characteristic patients who request for euthanasia or physician assisted suicide and the imprint of physicians decision. It was concluded from the study that being tired of living could play a crucial part in the desire of euthanasia in the patients. The tired of living phenomenon can exist irrespective of whether the patient is distraint from a major disease or not. It was noted that the high occurrence of symptoms in the absence of classifiable sever disease

The 1920-1929 Boom to Bust Period in America Essay

The 1920-1929 Boom to Bust Period in America - Essay archetypeThe researcher states that the boom to burst period is of great importance inciting the US history. This is the period that transformed many an(prenominal) a(prenominal) things in America ranging from cultural, political, economic activities and the general social life. It is cited as the origin of the America we know nowadays in a wide view. Impacts of 1920-1920 Boom to Burst on U.S Society. This period explains how Americans acquired the notions attached to them today. It helps us conceive the America history and in turn voyage the present and the future. It illustrates how US transformed over a short period in terms of the notions of power, liberty and equality. It also shows how the changes in America affected the area at large. The historical changes brought about within this period can be resumed under the following headings. thriftiness This period brought with it much economic advancement, which helped shape the future of the American economy. Many economic policies came up such as credit purchase, small government and supply-side economics proved a great success. The reduction of important taxes gave entrepreneurs an incentive to work, invest and save leading to innovations and new discoveries cod to venture in risky businesses. subsequently improved policies such as the fiscal and expansionary policies were introduced. Technology The boom to burst period is the basis of U.S expert and infrastructural development. It saw the discovery of electrification that made it possible for other innovations for instance radio and motion pictures. The availability of capital provided slew with security and therefore, they were not afraid to try many things. This period also saw the verbal expression of new infrastructure such as roads, bridges and tunnels. Culture and lifestyle There was introduction of a new culture and way of life that would dominate the rest of the twentieth century. Th e economic prosperity provided many Americans more spending money and more leisure time, which they directed to making their lives enjoyable for instance theatre, harmony and other forms of entertainment. Most people in the rural areas migrated to the urban areas in search of jobs. Accumulation of wealthiness also led to rise of classes due to unequal distribution of income. This led to segregation and clustering of people in different areas according to their classes. Gender Equality This period saw the rise of women from being discriminated and undermined due to their gender. The expanding markets provided an opportunity for women to get jobs and get paid. Many single working class women held their jobs for the wages and their families. Some held jobs in order to free from parental authority and develop a personal identity. In addition, women also attend colleges and this led to the fading away of the traditional notion about women. All these factors enabled women to become mor e separatist and achieve women rights in the constitutions. Entertainment In this period, a lot of things changed in the world of entertainment and many others came up. One example is the film industry when Hollywood came to light. Music also advanced with the introduction of the cognise music by Louis and Duke. Many sports such as boxing, golf and baseball, also rose to new senior high of popularity. These led to rise of heroes like Babe Ruth in baseball and Jack Dempsey in boxing.

Monetary policy in EMU (European monetary Union) Essay

Monetary policy in emu (European monetary Union) - Essay ExampleInitially, the European Union included 12 countries, but since its inception in 1992, the area has expanded to include 17 countries in total (European Union, 2012). The financial crisis of 2007-08 had enhanced the importance of the severe economic regulation by the European Union. This essay covers the monetary policy that has been adopted by the European Union, keeping in mind the various pressing issues that have been a matter of concern in the European countries like, price stability, real economy stabilization and its future plans regarding rising prices targeting. Monetary polity of the European Monetary Union Rationale behind price stability and real economic stabilization set stability implies that the purchasing power of citizens and the value of their savings will be independent to the exchange pace fluctuations in cross-border travels and investments. The Monetary policy in the Euro zone is conducted by the European rudimentary Bank and has compute impact on the price stability and the interest rates. The main objective of the monetary policy by the EMU is to keep the rate of inflation hovering around 2%, so that the value of Euro can be protected (European Union, 2012). This is achieved by altering the rate of interest of lending by the banks. The objective of price stability in monetary policy is an integral part of avering moderate levels of inflation, so that the economy can revoke the risk of running into deflation. The European Central Bank and EMU have always tried to maintain the price stability because of the strong notion that by maintaining the price stability, the economic activity and employment levels of the verdant can be improved. The maintenance of price stability by the EMU ensures that the price level of either particular good or service acts independent to the general price level of the economy. Price stability also ensures that the creditors can be relaxe d as the prices will not rise in future and there will be no need of inflation risk premium to compensate the losses from inflation. superfluous hedging activities and distortions in the tax and social security system can also be avoided by maintenance of price stability (European Central Bank, 2011). The price stability contributes to the stabilization of the real economy. Monetary Policy prior to the crisis Before the onset of the financial crisis, the EMU had been successful in maintaining the inflation rate, averaging to 2.04% from January 1999 to August 2007 (European Central Bank, 2012). This bears a testimony to the fact that since the formation of Euro, the Euro Zone has been quite successful in achieving its preliminary tendency of maintaining price stability. The most interesting fact about the price stability in the EU was that the inflation rates were not only low, but also had low macroeconomic volatility compared to other mature countries of the world. Figure 1 Inf lation Rates in the Advanced Economies (Source European Central Bank, 2012) The above go through shows the inflation rates in the industrialized economies of the world from 1999 to 2011. It can be seen that the monetary policy followed by the European Union, prior to the global financial crisis of 2007, has been in line with its objectives. In the course of time surrounded by 1999 and 2007, the European economy had undergone a lot of turmoil like, increasing global oil and food prices, increases in

West Nile Virus Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

West Nile Virus - explore Paper ExampleOver the next hardly a(prenominal) years, this computer virus had spread across the whole of compass north America and the Caribbean, increasing the risk of new infections.While this virus does not commonly affect gentlemans gentleman beings, cases of infections are on the increase as this virus spreads globally. The first step, in the contamination process, takes place when a female mosquito bites an infected bird. This mosquito obtains the virus while consuming the birds blood and in the process, the virus is passed on to it. The infected female mosquito then spreads the virus through their bites to humans and most of the infections occur among the sr. and people who have impaired immune systems. There is also a high chess opening of this virus to be spread to those people who live in areas where there are mosquitoes.According to the National plant of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, people who get the virus display mild symptoms as fe ver, headaches, body aches, shinny rash, and swollen lymph glands, but in cases where the virus enters the originator however it can cause inflammation of the brain (encephalitis) or inflammation of the lining of the brain and spinal cord (meningitis). Most of the deaths caused by WNV have been among birds with few human cases, an example of which is in 2009, where there were 720 human cases of the disease in the United States amongst, which only cardinal were fatal.There are currently no vaccines or treatments for the human WNV disease and now, scientists have accelerated the search on developing the tools necessary for its treatment and restrainion. According to Margulies (47), the best way to prevent the virus is by continuously testing for it so that it can be detected early and steps taken to prevent its further spread. Furthermore, it is advisable to frequently used mosquito repellent on exposed skin so that the possibility of being bitten is reduced. Those living in area s where mosquitoes of any species

Middleby Corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Middleby Corp - Essay ExampleFinally, the report includes a personal tribute from the author, and a hypothetical recommendation from the owner of the Dallas Mavericks Basketball Club, Mark Cuban.Real GDP is forecast to contract by 2.6% in 2009 as the financial crisis and the housing downturn take their toll on domestic demand. Massive financial and monetary stimulus leave alone lead to a recovery of growth to 1.4% in 2010.Average consumer terms inflation is set to turn negative in 2009 as a result of declining commodity prices. flash should turn positive again in 2010, but will remain low owing to the big slack in the economy.The Feds forecasts show that its staff now expects the unemployment appreciate to originate to between 9.2% and 9.6% this year. The central bevel had forecast in January that the jobless rate would be in a range of 8.5% to 8.8%, but the unemployment rate topped that in April, hitting 8.9%.I believe the stock up market will recover to pre-crash poesy by April of 2010. From there, prices should remain stable because investors will still be a little skeptical, and then rise at about 15% for three years to follow.Discussion The results seem to indicate that Middleby Corporations financial progression is well directed into the future yet, its also clear that if a stock purchase is not made in the immediate future it could soon become overvalued. These finds, supplemented by the previous report, constitute substantial analytical information. The information demonstrates to a reasonable level that the community will sojourn its positive growth for the following five years. For current and prospective investors, the historical data demonstrates that the stock will increase at a minimal level.In regards to the market forecast and contemporary economic trends, my recommendation is to retain the stock. The company seems to have a strong foundation and will continue to grow. The industry is thriving, and the company is excelling

PC Accessibility Tools and Its Various Classroom Use Research Paper

PC access codeibility Tools and Its respective(a) Classroom Use - Research Paper ExampleWith over six million school antique minorren ranging from ages 3-17 in our schools today, The National Center for Education Statistics realizes that there is a need to help these students stay abreast of their educational needs. (Assistive Technology Helps All Kids Learn) That is where the Accessibility Tools option in all Windows products, in this courting Windows *, comes in to allow the exploiter to customize their accessibility options in Windows 8. ( consolation of Access Center in Windows 8) Some classrooms will have vision afflicted students. Their information processing systems end be tailor suited to their visual shortcoming by using the accessibility tools set within the ready reckoner to help them better see their monitors. By using the Make Computer Easier To See command, the resolution washbowl be adjusted to make the top brighter or softer for the student to see the text . The Narrator may in addition be turned on in order to have the text read to the student. While the speech sound Description tool can be utilise to have the video being shown on screen described to the student. The Magnifier can also be used to increase the font and icon size of the onscreen peril so that the student can better navigate his way around the system. The Narrator and Audio Desription can also be used by students who are totally vision impaired (blind). (Accessibility in the Classroom)... Thus allowing the student the freedom to use the computer as he wishes for whatever token need he has. (Assistive Technology Helps All Kids Learn) For students with Dexterity Impairment, the mouse can be turned off and its functions redirected to the arrow keys on the numeric keypad on a PC or the arrow keys on a laptop. Sticky keys can also assigned and used so that the user will no longer have to use combination presses such as ctrl+alt+del to make out certain keyboard shortcut s. The modern computers now have touch technology built into their screens thereby minimizing the need for an positive keyboard when using the PC, laptop, or tablet. Used in combination with Speech recognition, it becomes a lot easier for the dexterity impaired students to navigate their way through the various programs and commands within the computer. (Accessibility in the Classroom). In the case of students who are both hearing and vision impaired, they are not doomed to a life without education. Ease of Access tools within Windows 8 allows the units to be specially outfitted with Braille readers that can be used alongside the speech recognition, Audio, and Narrator tools of the system. Thus giving them the full effect of a modern day, computer based education in the classroom or the comfort of their own homes for those who are physically unable(p) to come to class. (Accessibility in the Classroom) It is important to note however, that these accessibility tools are not hold in use to special needs students. The accessibility tools available on the computers can also be used by students who find themselves within special circumstances. Take for instance the case of a child who broke

Civil and Criminal Punishments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Civil and Criminal Punishments - Assignment drivefulThe paper will also explain the differences between well-bred penalties and criminal punishments, explaining whether punishments between a case tried at criminal level and well-mannered level should correlate.A civil court is nonpareil that deals with cases related to disputes between organizations or individuals. Civil courts award victims with compensation. Civil courts deal with civil or general wrongs that are not criminal in nature such as disputes relating to credit card payments, allegations of discover of contract, compensations disagreements between tenants and landlords (Scaros, 2004). According to Currier & Eimermann (2009), lawsuits are unwashedly filed in civil courts by organizations or individuals who believe they keep been physically and financially hurt by another organization or individual.The types of remedies available in civil courts depend on several factors such as the type of claims made, the authori ty of the court, the defendants transfer and the harm that has been suffered or may be suffered. The remedies in civil courts usually depend on the strengths of cardinals case and the opponents case, ones resourcefulness and mogul to present facts and the ability of the attorneys of both sides to represent their clients as required (Scaros, 2004). The types of remedies available in civil courts includeThis is normally the usual and standard remedy for damages in civil courts. They are the payments awarded by a civil court, pay as compensation for injury or loss (Currier & Eimermann, 2009). Money damages usually consist of tokenish damages, attorneys fees, interest, punitive damages and compensatory damages. They are usually intended to settle the grief of the aggrieved ships company in civil cases (Powell, 1993).These are usually given so as to stop certain conducts of the accused. The civil court orders or prohibits against conditions or acts that have been requested. The ord ers given are called injunctions and they require one to either do

Arab World Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Arab World - raise Examplean, Palestine and Syria, Maghreb that is composed of part of Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, and Libya, and the Arabian Peninsula that is composed of Oman, Yemen, Bahrain, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, and Kuwait (Yafi, 2012, pg. 18). These surface areas take on differences in terms of economy, culture, political systems, timing, people, and the history. This paper defines the differences in the Arab World regions in terms of political systems, economy, and education by and by the Arab Spring.The political system is one of the major differences in these regions. The political boundaries of the Arab Peninsula is comprised of Bahrain, Kuwait, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and the United Arab Emirates. The vast region of the Arab Peninsula is covered by the Saudi Arabia. The majority of this population also comes from Saudi Arabia. The six countries from the Arab Peninsula have make the Gulf Cooperation Council that oversees the running and maintenance of a political unity in these countries (Yafi, 2012, pg. 23). The six countries are Qatar, Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Oman, and the United Arab Emirates. Most of these countries are monarchies ask out Bahrain, and Yemen. The Maghreb is made up of various modern territories. These include Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Tunisia, and Mauritania. The fundamental law of the Maghreb is linked to the need to promote co-operation both economically and politically the region through Muammar Gadhafi. The countries are republics except Morocco which is a monarchy. The Mashriq region is composed of countries that are on the Eastern side of Egypt. It composes countries such as Egypt, Palestine, Lebanon, Syria, and Jordan. Jordan is the yet country that remains as a monarchy while the other countries are republics (Yafi, 2012, pg. 13).In terms of education, the regions have experienced issues that relate to the education of women. The literacy levels of the youths is higher in these countries compare d to the adult literacy levels. The Arab Peninsula

Business & Society case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Business & Society case Study - raise ExampleMarket stakeholders aid Disney Corporation in delivering its services to the community, notably the provision of job opportunities to the meet communities, though commuting from the less expensive surrounding community since the area is considered to being a production line place and not for settlement. The first key market stakeholders are the creditors who play an great role in the day to day running of the moving in in most corporations as they provide the unavailable coin that companies and businesses require to invest in as the aim to boosts its business activities (James E. Post 6). Disneyland is a business location in which their major business is the tourist and resort centre which is a booming industry. The creditors of the companies involved in the tourism and resort business are the major stakeholders because they have lent their money expecting the returns of capital monger as well as the interest (James E. Post 15).The second key stakeholder in this case theater of operations are the employees who contribute the relevant knowledge and experience as the workforce to the company in which, in return, they get wages benefits, salaries and the chance for personal realization and satisfaction. The third suppliers who are the holding key m another(prenominal) wit on the going concern of the tourist and resort business in Disneyland, the suppliers supply services, energy, raw materials, other various inputs in return for payments. The final non-market stakeholders are the wholesalers, distributors and the retailers who are the main chain of the distribution in the whole process thus aiding its movement to the final consumers (Post et al. 25).In this case, the non-market stakeholders are the surrounding society, the general public, media, non-governmental organizations and the business support groups. All of these non-market stakeholders are generally not affected by the economic exchange of the company . It is important to note that the decisions of

Business strategy Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

argumentation strategy - Assignment ExampleIndian restaurant owners would already have a solid client base from which to work from, and there is also the possibility of picking up some other ethnicities too. ratty Indian food could be offered by encouraging Indian to be spoken within the restaurant, and then attracting the target merchandise.c) The video splital firm market segment is not as attractive as it used to be. This is because more and more young people are using other means to piquet their favorite movies. This type of business could possibly work if it was attached to some other kind of product, more or less likely televisions or DVD players. Special promotions could even be used to encourage people to rent a video along with another kind of purchase.2) I do not agree that the trance military postureing is obvious once you have identified the right segment. This is because once the right segment has been sight further research must be done to narrow down the targ et customer market. This could be done through surveys of focus groups. Also, the market is always evolving and changing, so it is impossible to automatically know where to position a product in the market.3) An organizations agonistic stance is the segment of the target market that a company chooses to pursue low-cost supplier, differentiation, or niche marketing. The functional strategy of marketing drill depends on what the competitive stance is. For example, a company that chooses a low-cost strategy must call forth its products for as cheaply as possible in order to offer low prices. Also, this company would claim to produce far more products than its competitors in order to make any kind of profit. In a well-designed strategy, an organizations competitive stance and marketing activity can work well in concert as long as when one changes, the other one changes to reflect that change.6) Apple has a competitive advantage over its competitors

Motivation as a critical success factor Dissertation - 1

motive as a critical success factor - Dissertation ExampleEmployee penury has attracted immense search and debates in the last few decades in the post-modern era of industrial age. Many theories and models have been proposed, and implications of employee indigence on various aspects of organisational development, whether at organisational performance or growth of business, have been profound. Employee motivation has been defined in many different ways by different researchers and centering specialists, most of which revolve around employee needs and psychologies. This dissertation attempts to explain employee motivation and various dimensions associated with it, as perceived from different motivational theories described in the writings associated with organisational behaviour, leadership and motivation. Further, this proposal describes specific methodology and conceptual framework for carrying out the research, which is aimed at researching the impact of management practices an d policies followed by a specific organisation and its performance in this process, it attempts to illustrate how employee motivation plays a graphic symbol in organisational performance. ... This plan presents justifiable explanation for attempting the proposed methodology as well as considers all authority limitations. A brief note on tentative time plan for the research has also been drafted, which brush aside help in staying cerebrateed and also measure the progress. 2. Aims and Objectives of the study The main purpose of this study is to focus on the increasing significance of role of employees in an organisations success and sustenance in the most competitive global market experienced by the organisations in current scenario. This study strives to gauge the growing trend of employee motivation as a new way of achieving and sustaining organisational performance against new and ever-changing standards. In particular, this study seeks to analyze and evaluate if employee moti vation would continue to hold its importance in rising of organisational development. Secondly, this study aims to examine the prominent aspects of employee motivation and its impact on organisational success in comparison with other elements of organisational performance and success. Objectives Against this background, the dissertation will seek to answer the following questions What is the place of employee motivation in organisational outline? What are the variables that motivate employees? What is the relationship between employee motivation and organisational goals? How has employee motivation, as a concept, evolved during last two decades? How is employee motivation related to other organisational elements? 3. Relation to previous research and theory Motivation in the workplace plays strong role in harnessing the tremendous hidden potential within every employee. However, the factors impacting motivation or arousing motivation may be extrinsic or intrinsic. The

The Human Genome Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Human Genome - Assignment caseOther countries and their respective genome research departments involved in the project include The Australian Genome Research Facility, capital of Red China Genomics Institute, Japan Science and Technology Corporation Sequencing Projects, and other companies located in France, Germany, and other countries sich as Mexico, Spain, and others crossways the globe. Through this international collaboration the following milestones were achieved by the project in record time ( 2008)Although versatile scientific fields tended to benefit from the results of the research there were still ethical and legal concerns among various sectors imputable to societal concerns such as the fairness in use of genetic information, privacy and confidentiality of genetic information, psychological impact and stigmatization due to an individuals genetic differences, including reproductive and clinical issues (2011) as well.The Human Genome Project does non end with the re sults of the DNA Sequencing. Thanks to the results of their experiments and discoveries, we now have an updated periodic table of elements and an unprecendented increase in health check breakthroughs related to unlocking the connection between the homosexual DNA sequence and illnesses / viruses. It is expected that these research projects and medical developments depart continue well into the future and result in a longer life span for human beings regardless of age and

Prescription for success in an associate degree nursing program Article

Prescription for success in an associate degree care for program - Article precedentOver the past several years, due to the growing burden of several diseases, there has been an exponential rising in the demand for health care professionals, including nurses, leading to a rapid influx of nursing students into nursing programs in bon ton to overcome this existing nursing famine. However, this rapid influx results in a trade-off between the quality of nursing education being provided vs. the quantity of students enrolled each year in order to increase the workforce. Initial reactions to the studyAfter going through this article, my initial reaction to it was a miscellaneous one. In my opinion, dapple this article addresses and underscores a very important issue, which compels the readers to read this article, the article itself does little arbitrator to the topic that it is addressing and has several shortcomings. This is due to several reasons, the most important one being th e lack of strait-laced organization. As the readers go through this article, instead of getting a clear idea of what the author is exhausting to get across, they become confused. Although the author has attempted at organizing the article into different sections and subsections based on the themes determine from the research being carried out, the content discussed within these subsections is very ambiguous, particularly due to the use of pseudonyms which makes it confusing for the readers to lay whether the author is referring to the faculty members or the students.Moreover, the language used is also confusing at certain instances which makes it serious for the readers to decipher what the author is trying to convey. ... 98), it is unclear whether the instructor Amanda believed that students who are adept in clinical big businessman have difficulty in taking tests or all the participants in the study had this opinion or whether Amanda believed that this was the general opinio n of all the participants of the study. Descriptive vividness of the article With regard to the descriptive vividness of the article, while there are certain sections of the article which have been described in adequate detail, such as the methodology, there are also certain areas which lack in clarity and detail and would have benefitted from further elaboration. For example, in the background section, the scope of the problem is not clearly defined, which should have been done, preferably with the use of statistical figures such as percentages. Doing this would have helped the readers gauge the magnitude of the burden that the problem of nursing shortage poses on the health care system and the nursing programs which leads them to increase admission rates to overcome this dire shortage of workforce. Similarly, the section mentioning the results of the study is followed directly by a section on recommendations and there is no banter section preceding recommendations. As a norm for both qualitative and quantitative studies, the results are followed by a section on the discussion of the important findings from amongst those results and their comparison with existing studies. This was not done by the author. Moreover, although the objective of this study was to elucidate the factors underlying success of students enrolled in a nursing program and to form light on the experiences of successful students, the main

Atrocities on Women Essay Example for Free

Atrocities on Wo hands EssayE preciseday early in the morning afterward getting up from bed, as a matter of habit, I look for the local watchwordpaper which the hawker uses to insert it in the door smash of my house. When I go done the paper, invariably I find ace or more news on atrocities on women or outraging the modesty of women appearing either on the front p get on with or on the following pages depending on seriousness of the happenings.Sometimes I tremble to think, how could these heinous incidents take come free-and-easy when stringent laws atomic number 18 there to deal with these cases rigorously, National explosive charge for Women and Child Welfare and go bad women patrol stations deal been set up by the Govt. to provide auspices to women in risk or distress? Unlike the past when women were confined to four walls and hard-boiled as slaves in the manful dominant parliamentary procedure, there has been radical change in the social order and the women have been given exist status in all walks of intent-time over the passage of time.Today the women are more or less conscious of their rights and position in the society and well-nigh women are educated too. In injure of all this, the women, as it were, are subjected to undergo humiliations and torture of different dimensions at various stages of their lives. Then what is expiry wrong? Are the flaws lying with the society or the system or the women themselves? In fact, women are very often made the targets of attack for pleasure or fun or comfort or reservation of money or avoiding unnecessary burden right from the stage of embryo before birth work on their old age.Before going to discuss on what could be the reasons and who are responsible for(p) for inflicting torture on women, it may not be out of place to take an account of different nature of atrocities and humiliations being done to women at various stages of their lives as the reports, very often, come to our notice through media. v fraught(p) women are either persuaded or forced to undergo abortion if the babies in the womb are sight to be females through sonography, only to avoid bringing up of young woman children and bear huge expenses for their arriage. v New born female children are brutally killed by parents or other members of the family and thrown as wastes if they could not be aborted before birth not only for rearing burdensome creatures but likewise for satisfying their caustic desire for having only the male children who will be the future bread earners and shall be the heirs to advance their family for future generations,. v Girl children in several parts of the country are not allowed to go to school for study and they are engaged in household or field work.In many cases they are engaged as maid servants for earning money for the family or sold out as bonded labour to rich people. v Girl children are abducted and sold to the brokers for trading in the whore market. v School a nd college going girls are very often subjected to eave teasing, kidnapping, rape, rape and murder. v In many families daughters are not given fit treatment in upbringing as given to their sons. v impellent child marriage of girl child and forgetting about her fate in father-in-laws house is facilitate existent in some parts of our country. If the marriage of a girl after attaining right age is arranged one, her misery follows when her parents fail to satisfy the demands of groom and his parents. All her visionary projects for building a beautiful home get crushed and mingled with the dust as soon as she steps into her father-in-laws house. She is treated like a foot ball and is subjected to painful humiliations and inhuman torture for dowry day in and day out. How helpless and destitute she feels in her father-in-laws house where everybody including her husband go on agonising her mentally as well as physically until their dowry demands are not fulfilled?In many cases, the hel pless abject girl either commits suicide or she is most cruelly murdered. v If a woman is divorced or estranged by the husband for any reason after marriage, her misery crosses all limits by making her life extremely unbearable. Not only her neighbourers, friends, relatives but also her parents in many cases never hesitate to cast slur on her and treat her as if an throwaway(prenominal) entity in the family/society. v If a woman is raped or kidnapped and then released, her living in the society becomes awful and everyone looks down upon her as if she has committed a grievous sin willfully. Working women, in most cases are subjected to sexual harassment at their respective working places and outside. v In nucleus families (Families comprising husband, married woman and children only which are commonly seen these days) mostly the ascendancy of husbands is supreme where wives are not earning members and poor wives have no freedom to act according to their wishes. In cases, even if the wives are earning members, the husbands hardly share the certificate of indebtedness of managing the family and rearing of children.The wives are compelled to manage all household works including cooking of food even if their earning is equal to or more than their husbands. In most of the cases wives have to compromise for a peaceful family life and their lettering for the family is considered as an obligation to making an ideal family either as wives or as mothers. v most(prenominal) widows in old age are an abandoned lot in spite of having their well lay sons simply because their daughters-in-law cant bear their presence at home.Although the nature of atrocities on females as listed to a higher place is not conclusive, it is enough to indicate clearly the motive behind all these infamous deeds. Those may be (1) Fanatical belief of man of having a male child in stead of a girl child. (2) Insatiable greed for dowry and passion for leading a comfortable or luxurious life by utilizing women as the key gadgets to extract easy money from their parents. (3) Jealousy and hatred (4) Satisfaction of ones sexual appetite growing out of passion for having illegal sex and infatuation. (5) Utilising women as loved commodity to breed money. 6) The last but not the least is the upholding the false vanity of male dominance by males on the strength of their masculine power. Now, if we go deep into the matter to discover who are the persons responsible for initiation of all these ghastly deeds, we may find, barring the cases of rape, sexual harassment and exercising superiority of men vainly upholding the male dominance, in other cases there must be either direct or indirect involvement of one or more women. This kind of abrupt landing on an honoring may appear absurd, controversial and illogical but it is not far from reality.I think it is unneeded to elaborate on this question as the news come in daily that how women for their own favor frame clandestine designs to inflict torture on other women who are not of their liking by craftily utilizing the masculine power of men and for that matter they never hesitate to instigate, persuade, entrap, coax, seduce or drill undue influence on men. Of the many news items coming out in the news text file everyday, one incident shocked me most and that was the dealings of a woman constable in a police station manned by women only.When a rape victim coming from a poor family approached the nearest women police station for help and wanted to lodge an FIR the woman constable of the police station in stead of extending help persuaded her to return home without creating a scene by live an FIR which would in no way go to help her on the contrary, it might make her life more miserable owing to spread of slander. This is only one of the live examples of lapses of the system in providing hostage to women in distress. One can imagine how many such cases might be happening everyday?Recently somewhere I read a news item that about 10-15% of the incidents of torture on women, injustice, humiliations done to women and outraging the modesty of women come to light whereas the rest happenings, however grievous they may be, are hold in by the victims themselves out of fear or under pressure from other women of their relations who might be trying to cover up the incidents. For this matter I do not blame women in frequent but nobody comes forward to raise a voice against such injustice.In a manifold society of ours where problems of leading a happy and peaceful life are multitude and highly subtile being aggravated by poverty, unemployment and inadequate education, the atrocities on women can only be eradicated through grass awareness of women themselves. If all women develop a spirit of fellow feeling by placing themselves in the shoe of victims or aggrieved women and unite to protest or counter or fight or raise vigorous voice against all types of oppression, I think they can catalyze a novel metamorphosis in the society and curb atrocities on women to a great extent.If some progressive women come forward to habitus Mahila Jagaran Manch (MJM) and spread it through out the length and breadth of the country with a view to provide protection and help to women in distress I think the problem might subside. Unlike the National Commission for Women the MJM should grow voluntarily in every village and in every residential blocks in towns and cities through awareness campaign being conducted and monitored by some progressive benevolent ladies so that the women folk at large can master courage to come out to join MJM and face any riotous situation confronting them boldly.

Individual Assignment Current Events in Business Essay Example for Free

Individual Assignment menstruation Events in Business EssayWrite a 300-word summary of the business research process by describingthe business research process from your experience in the workplace or in an article you come across through the University Library.Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.You stomach meet lots of people by taking advantage of orientation social events. Heading off to a college where you know no one can be a daunting and isolating experience. By participating in social activities right away, you leave behind be able to meet others who are in the same boat and looking to make friends.

Assessment Essay Example for Free

Assessment rise11 Functions of estimationInitial assessment- the starting part, employ to decide what is known, what postulate to be taught and what go mutilate be assessed. Formative assessment- this decimal point is where the learner is still in preparedness and requires feedback on how they are progressing. Summative- used to judge completion. Whether you have passed or non. Holistic- clustering of assessments based on the grouping of a work role, sort of than stand alone.Functions of assessment in training Identify the skill gap Design the training refund the training Plan the assessment Assess Feedback Either move on to the next part of training or go back and re do the previous assessment. This starts from the minute you get a sore learner gestural on. I do this by, setting out a training plan, giving the training, deciding with the learner when we both feel they are ready to be assessed and then do the assessment. With Sonya, she came from another beaut y shop where she had already done her train 2, she was about to be signed on to level 3. Before we got her signed on we done an assessment on a colour and a cut to make trustworthy she was competent at level 2.12 Key concepts and principles of assessmentReliability By employ the criteria and qualification and credit framework any assessor functional(a) independently should come to the same decision when assessing a learner. The learner should have been condition the appropriate training and be competent to do the assessment. stiffness Is the work valid to the unit? The learner should be watched at all times to make certain(predicate) the work is authentic.Assessments show us, what the learner is open(a) of and where further training would be required. It would also show if the learner needed any extra help.13 Responsibilities of the assessor Make sure the candidates logbook is marked of when an assessment has been passed. Provide opportunities for assessment and make sure y ou book time out in your column. Be graceful to all candidates, avoid any discrimination, comparing one against the other. Assess the learner against the national occupational standards and not your own opinion of what the standards should be. Consider the needs of the individual candidates one might have a antithetical learning style to the other. Learning difficulties should also be taken into account and help appropriate drawn where needed. Plan and assess assessments with candidates. Make sure learner and assessor think it is the right assessment to be done and that the learner is capable of doing the assessment. Place the learner under no undue pressure. If the candidate does not feel good about doing the assessment you should encourage them, if as an assessor you think they are capable of passing the assessment. But do not apply pressure as this could make the learner foreboding or feel stressed out by this. Check and ensure all the evidence is valid, authentic, curre nt, sufficient and reliable. Make sure the work is valid to the unit and accurate, the learners own work, the work is consistent and of the appropriate nvq level criteria and is not a fluke. The work should also be current, i.e. if the learner has transferred salons and had some assessments already signed off you should make sure they are currently competent. Give constructive feedback. Using complement sandwich validatory commentCritical comment Positive comment Make sure you include the learner to give self assessment so you know how they think they have done. When giving your feedback always start with how do you think you did? Always give feedback promptly and record all assessment decisions and evidence clearly and amply so that everyone can always look back and see what has been said and done. Also in case there are any disagreements on the outcome you can look back at the records. accommodate future action plans with the learner so that both the learner and assessor kno w what the next stage will be. Any discussions with the learner should be carried out in a professional manor. During meetings with the learner you should study the progress of assessment plans and determine where additional learning and training is required.I have recently had an act with one of my trainees, she did not want to be taught anymore, and just wanted to be assessed on her cutting. She felt she had had abounding training , although I didnt. As she felt very strongly about this I allowed her to do a model we were going to use as training as an assessment, I did this so she would understand that she needs more training. Once she had completed the assessment I checked the cut, and explained to her where she had gone wrong, and also explained to her that with a low dapple more practice she would be able to be assessed on models similar to what she had done and would be able to be marked off on them. She has agreed to have a little bit more training and agreed we will d ecide together in future when she will be assessed so as not to waste models.14 Regulations and requirements relevant to assess hairdressing. Realistic working environment. Must develop realistic management procedures that incorporate a salon image. All assessments mustiness be carried out under realistic commercial pressures and on paying clients. Assessments should be completed at heart the commercial timescale. Candidates must be able to achieve a realistic volume of work. The space per working area conforms to health and safety legislation. The range of services, professional tools, products, materials and equipment must be up to date and functional for use. A reception area for clients to be greeted must be available. It must also include a payment facility. A retail facility must be provided.

Gansz V. Alton Haunted House Essay Example for Free

Gansz V. Alton Haunted base EssayThe case of Gansz V. Alton Haunted hold originated when a girl tripped while running from an individual with a loud motor driven chainsaw at a haunted house in Alton, Illinois on October 29, 2011 (Faces of Lawsuit Abuse, 2013). The girls father, terry Gansz, claims the haunted house tour included a section where patrons were directed through a personation leading to a side with an entry to the rear of the haunted bus. American Legion is being hellish for the design of the haunted house making it difficult for patrons to exit the attraction (Madison Record, 2013). Arguing that the plaintiff voluntarily studyd the trys of the haunted house, the defendants claim they are not at fault and should not be unresistant for any injuries claimed (Madison Record, 2013). Issue Has negligence been demonstrated?RuleAccording to Cheeseman (2013), negligence is a A ism that says a person is liable for harm that is the foreseeable consequence of his or her actions (p.91). The elements of negligence include work of CareBreach of DutyHarmLegal CausationThe case of Gansz versus Alton Haunted House exemplifies the insertion of the fault principle. Terry Gansz the father of a young girl who was injured when she tripped over a ramp at the Haunted House alleges that there was failure to ensure the safety of the patrons who visited the haunted house.Alton Haunted House had a duty to exercise reasonable care for those who would visit the haunted house. The unforeseen danger of the participants were not averted and the injuries suffered by the young girl is the fault of Alton Haunted House. Alton Haunted House believes the young girls harm was the pass of her own negligence. It was not the duty of the young girl to research beforehand the possible dangers of the haunted house. compendIn our analysis of the case team D recognized that there were flaws in the defendants case. The defendants had a responsibility, a duty in fact, to ensure th e safety of the patrons. There should be a desex as to how far actors should be allowed to come to patrons. Also nowhere in the case did it state that a sign was posted stating enter at your own risk or anything of that nature. So team D concluded that the defendant must be held liable for their action because there were no clear policies in place for employees with regards to chasing patrons. . Duty of care is listed as Duty of care is defined as the obligation race owe each other that is, the duty not to cause any unreasonable harm or risk of harm (Cheeseman, 2013, p. 91). We believe that is was there duty to ensure safety.ConclusionLearning Team D reviewed the case of Gansz v. Alton Haunted House using the IRAC method. Based on the issue, rule, and analysis conducted, the teams closing is that Alton Haunted House is liable for negligence because they breached their duty of care. This breach resulted in foreseeable injuries to the plaintiff. In this case, patrons did assume a level of risk by entering into the house however, Alton Haunted House still had a responsibility to ensure their employees were properly trained and supervised prior to interacting with patrons in order to minimize the risk of injury. This case provides an excellent example of the liabilities business owners may encounter. Therefore, in any business managerial ambit it is imperative that owners carefully consider how their actions or lack of actions could lead to a lawsuit.ReferencesFaces of Lawsuit Abuse. (2013). Girl pursued at haunted house sues Alton.Retrieved from http//www.facesoflawsuitabuse.org/2012/10/girl-chased-at-haunted-house-with-chainsaw-sues-alton-american-legion/ Madison Record. (2013). Bellville attorney to represent Alton in haunted house lawsuit. Retrieved from http//madisonrecord.com/issues/366-personal-injury/249477-belleville-attorney-to-represent-alton-in-haunted-house-lawsuit Madison Record. (2013). November trial vacated in girls suit against Alton haunte d house. Retrieved from http//madisonrecord.com/issues/366-personal-injury/259790-november-trial-vacated-in-girls-suit-against-alton-haunted-house-cmc-set-eve-of-halloween

Crossing Borders - Interracial Dating Essay Example for Free

crossbreed Borders Interracial Dating EssayIn the hodge-podge of American culture you are bound to find assorted date. There are galore(postnominal) differences between people. One that is obvious to the naked eye is the difference of race. In the hostel that we live in it is sometimes difficult for people of contrasting races to be a couple. The predominant Culture strays out an invisible border that separates people of different races.In an experiment that I did with a egg exsanguine friend named Michelle, we went out as a couple. Me being Indian and her being Caucasian present some difficulties for some people to understand. We first went to a park and decided that we would just sit on the swings. There was another little Caucasian girl next to us. The next thing I saying really surprised me and Michelle. The mother of that little girl came and quickly grabbed her daughter and brought her to another part of the playground. either along, the mother looked at me an d Michelle in a weird way. After that, we went to the shopping mall. Keeping in heed that we are in a predominantly white suburb, we held hands at the stores.People looked at us as if we were from another planet. I guess they could not believe that an Indian guy and a white girl could be going out on a date. We even brought another one of my friends to run into the reaction of other people that me and Michelle could not see. Our other friend, Jim, said that legion(predicate) people kept on starring at us. Also that some people were whispering about us after they had passed us up. This really was a surprise to me. This experiment that I did was a real eye-opener because it gave me the evidence that people really were not happy seeing different races dating. Although this is not the opinion of all people, it seemed to be the opinion of a quite a number of people. These people are what keep the invisible border present in society.The real question that I asked myself is why this ha ppened. One conclusion I came to was that since this was a primarily white suburb, people would not be too open to different races just being there. If someone different from them was to come into their society, it would be natural for them to not accept them. Especially in a situation that baffling dating, people would be closed minded. Not sole(prenominal) would they loss themselves having nothing to do with interracial dating, they would want others of their same race not to be involved with interracial dating.The white people in this suburb probably looked down upon Michelle for being with an Indian guy. Furthermore, the events of September 11th did not help this situation either. constantly since that date, Indian people have been clumped into the whole middle-eastern terrorist category. This just gives the people of this suburb a reason to betray me and our relationship. Much of this anger comes out of stereotypes. Since these people think that most middle-eastern people are bad or somehow connected to terrorism, this creates a stereotype that I am labeled with.Another reason we got much(prenominal) a hard time is that our cultures did not match up. Even though we have similar values, the springer of Caucasians and Indians are obviously different. Many people in the suburbs that we saw probably did not understand my culture, so what they do not understand, they do not like. People still have stereotypes of Indians. They might think that we cannot say English or that we smell. These stereotypes bring the Indians in a lower regard with the dominant culture.Why is it harder for dreary and white couple to be veritable by society rather then an Indian and a white couple? This particular question can be answered in many ways. One of the many reasons is that social standards are set in our community that base blacks down the totem pole. Blacks have been discriminated against from the start of thrall and to this day in some rare cases.The dominant cul ture has looked down upon blacks because of their skin color for many generations. This is cause for the dominant culture to look down upon blacks. When it comes to Indians, some white people perceive Indians as somewhat semi-British. Whites are less prone to be against a relationship with an Indian person. It is more accepted for Indians to date white people because the dominant culture holds Indians in higher regards than blacks. It is because of biased thinking that this spirit came into being.After everything, people are still not open to other ideas or beliefs. Even though the dominant culture puts out an invisible border, that border is becoming more visible with stereotypes that are put out there. This invisible border is displayed by their actions when they see interracial couples. They make it more difficult for these couples to be together. Other things like September 11th added to this invisible border in me and Michelles case. What this means is that the majority of our society will be closed minded to interracial dating. What it also means is that the racial lines will be erased if these couples get married and have children. The dominant culture wants to keep the races separate.In relating my experience with Michelle in that suburb, I felt like we should not be together as a couple. The reactions I got made me expression like I did something wrong. It is this feeling the invisible border is suppose to bring to me. I realized this only in the end. It is up me to decide who I date. It should be the concern of the two people that are dating and not the society.

ADHD Medications Essay Example for Free

minimal brain damage Medications EssayWith the rattling(a) development in ADHD diagnosing, altercations surrender been emerging about whether or non ADHD medications argon being overprescribed. Many people feel as though ADHD medications are needed for the condition, provided are doctors just handing them out? Medications may be necessary depending on how severe the case is, still some people take advantage of it. As a community, we need to limit the amount of ADHD medications being prescribed by doctors.ADHD medications have been praised drastically for the enhancement of mental performance that is shown. deal who have a more severe case of ADHD are generally more prompt to do things once they are put on the medication. any(prenominal) two-thirds of all children currently diagnosed with the condition gain prescriptions for stimulants such as Ritalin and Adderall, which have been linked to addiction and psychosis (Swaine). The effects of ADHD medication transmute dep ending on how large or small the dosage is. Theres a very small difference among the right dose and too little or too much medication, so resist the lure to experiment on your own ( enceinte ADD/ADHD). The medication will keep nonpareil focused on a task without getting distracted as easily.See more Distinguish between problem-focused header and emotion-focused coping EssayWith ADHD medication, tasks brush off be completed a lot faster than commonplace because of the extra focus the medication pushes on someone. Research by the Centers for Disease Control also put up that more than one in ten school-age children in the US has now received an ADHD diagnosis, amid a sharp rise in reported instances of the condition(Swaine). Although ADHD medications have positive effects, it also has contradict effects. These medications kindle cause slowing of growth, notonly physically only when mentally too. The mind may not develop as well as it usually would. Another negative effect is impaired judgment. This usually occurs when someone is un able-bodied to make correct and or right choices in real-life decisions. ADHD medications can go steady mood swings, but can also cause someone to be more teasing.Emotions can be controlled by ADHD medications, but can also influence someone to act out. Generally, the effects of the medications can help one control the urge to blurt out. This makes it easier to think and process words before actually saying them. In fact, there are many signs that your medication is working. They include being better able to pay attention tending to think before you speak instead of blurting things out (Adult ADD/ADHD). The explosive urge of kindness can make it so much easier to make and or keep friends. The guidance our minds think causes us to say things we dont necessarily mean. This will begin to push people away from one another.Although medication can control many things related to emotional effects, it can also add on negative effects. The use of ADHD medication can cause one to become very irritable towards family and friends. The majority of adults who take stimulants experience rebound effects of moodiness, irritability, and restlessness as the level of medication in their bloodstream decreases (Adult ADD/ADHD). Irritability can then lead to a negative personality change. If youre unremarkably sunny and upbeat and you suddenly become all doom and gloom, it may be time to faulting to another medication (Adult ADD/ADHD). These medications can affect the hyperactivity of an individualistic not only positively but also negatively.Hyperactivity within individuals who suffer from the condition can generally change, depending on the case. If one is diagnosed wrongly, there is a possibility that the hyperactivity of an individual can increase. In these cases, ADHD is mistaken for immaturity. Some people just neer grow up and the immaturity rate they have makes it look like they have a hyperactivity conditi on. Some 6.4 million American children aged between 4 and 17 have received an ADHD diagnosis at some point in their lives, the US government scientists found (Swaine).Not all individuals diagnosed have the actual condition, but quite a act as if the medication is a necessity for everydaylife. Dr. Graf verbalise that it was now clear that American parents were encouraging the medication of their children merely to enhance their mental performance rather than to cure an illness (Swaine). The effects of ADHD medication can be very beneficial. Generally, one who actually has the condition can be less disruptive if they are put on the right medication. An individual can also be less distracted with the use of ADHD medication. Being less distracted and less disruptive can make it easier to get certain tasks completed.The use of ADHD medications continue to increase throughout the years. As a community, we must limit the intake of these medications. We need to be stricter on the deportm ent of individuals, but we need to decrease the amount of prescriptions being used for the condition. Looking at the positive and negative effects of these medications may cause people to stop taking the medications prescribed by doctors.Works CitedAdult ADD / ADHD. _Positive and Negative Effects of Medication_. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. .Swaine, Jon. Fears American Children Are Being Over-medicated as ADHD place Soar. _The Telegraph_. Telegraph Media Group, 02 Apr. 2013. Web. 17 Feb. 2014. .

Federalists vs Democrats 18th Century Essay Example for Free

Federalists vs Democrats 18th Century EssayThroughout the 1790s the birth of American political parties emerged. some(prenominal) of Americas founding fathers hated the idea of political parties because they represented political parties came about because of the difference in opinions among the population. The newborn infant constitution brought about issues such as north and south, rich and poor, and agriculture vs. industries that would revolutionize the way flock in America thought, and their beliefs, thus giving birth to political parties. The political parties were divided as follows.thither was Alexander Hamilton, a Federalist, and his followers who believed in a strong central government that would support their interests in commerce and industry. Amongst the Federalists supporters were some of the most influential men of the time, including George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, James Madison, and John Jay. These men had massive opposition to the constitution and wro te about them in their Federalist Papers and were read all across the nation. The Federalists wanted to mould the issues of the nation themselves.Thomas Jefferson was categorized as a Democratic-Republican. The Republicans believed in a decentralized agrarian commonwealth in which federal government had limited powers. The two parties struggled against each other heavily in the beginning. by and by the ratification of Jays Treaty in 1794, providing a somewhat sugar-coated commercial relationship, awoke differing opinions between the Federalists and the Republicans. In peerless corner stood John Adams, federalist, supporting the ratification of Jays Treaty because it avoided war and continued trade.On the other side of meat there was Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, who believed the treaty left doors open for the British to continue abuses of power such as impressment. For a long time, opposing political parties consumed what was the media of the era and created an opinion amon g the people. Although with its great efforts and philosophers, the Federalist party soon seized to exist, and for years the Democratic-Republicans correct what is the United States.

Best source of funding for research organization Essay Example for Free

Best source of funding for research organization bear witnessThere are a number of ways of funding research programs to help medical clinics we whitethorn have an aspect where the government lends a hand or seeking the indulgence of the pharmaceutical companies. (NCSL, 2014) The preceding(prenominal) stated are two of those ways. Acceptance of offers to carry kayoed research depends on the wishes of beneficiaries they get to favour whom they perceive to be their best options. (U.S. Congress, 2006) Grants by the federal government whitethorn be defined as the assistance in monetary terms offered by the American government. (NIST, 2014)The government assistance has to conform to the laws and regulations zeal about by the federal agencies. (USA Government, n.d.)Grants offered by the pharmaceutical companies to conduct clinical research is one of the greens ways of sourcing for money to carry out research activities for clinics. (Canadian Business Network, n.d) Pharmaceutical companies are private entities which may not be put under tight regulations as compared to public institutions. (federal official Grants, n.d)The financing pharmaceutical federation may fund a research project they deem to be in line with what they rise necessary for them. (D.o.J., 1998)Advantages of using government grants to fund research projectsGovernment or federal grants are a good way of sourcing for funds even though the central government may impose actually strict measures to go about using the cash. (Cornell University, n.d.) Once a government agency has given the nod for one to conduct the research alongside the funds allocation a research organization is leftover to conduct its affairs in the required time they find ample. (UCONN, n.d.) Pharmaceutical companies may impose timelines so that they launch their products for commercial gains. (The Arc, n.d.)Pharmaceutical companies may continue funding a project based on interests to be fulfilled some may be under pressu re to churn out products that cause a buzz within markets. (Grant Space, n.d.)Another risk involved with pharmaceuticals funding projects would be purely to spite their competitors and caress large egos of company executives and owners. (TGCI, n.d.) Government does not engage in competition but their mandate is to look out for the welfare of their citizens. (The White House, n.d.)Its with the above stated reasons that governmental funding looks more appealing as compared to funding from private entities. (Homeland Security, n.d.)There would not be conflicts or interests as well as undue pressure. (FELDESMAN+ tire+LEIFER+FIDELL, n.d.)ReferencesNCSL. (2014). NCSL. Retrieved from http//www.ncsl.org/research/health/american-health-benefit-exchanges.aspxU.S. Congress. (2006, October). Research and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry. Retrieved from https//cbo.gov/sites//10-02-drugr-d.pdfCanadian Business Network. (n.d.). Canadian Business Network. Retrieved from http//www.canadab usiness.ca/eng/ page/2740/National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), United States Department of Commerce (DoC). (2014, February 25). ANNOUNCEMENT OF FEDERAL FUNDING prospect (FFO) Measurement Science and Engineering (MSE) Research Grant Programs. Retrieved from www.nist.gov//grants/USA Government. (n.d.). Benefits, Grants, and Loans. Retrieved from http//www.usa.gov/Citizen/Topics/Benefits.shtmlFederal Grants. (n.d.). Federal Grants. Retrieved from http//www.federalgrants.com/D.o.J. (1998, September). The United States Department of Justice. Retrieved from http//www.justice.gov/cathode-ray tube/grants_statutes/legalman.phpCornell University. (n.d.). Cornell University. Retrieved from http//www.irb.cornell.edu/faq/UCONN. (n.d.). University of Connecticut. Retrieved from http//research.uconn.edu/The Arc. (n.d.). Public Policy. Retrieved from http//www.thearc.org/what-we-do/public-policy/know-your-rights/federal-lawsGrant Space. (n.d.). Knowledge Base. Retrieved from http //grantspace.org/tools/knowledge-base/Funding-Resources/Government-Funders/government-grantsTGCI. (n.d.). Thw Grantsmanship Center. Retrieved from http//www.tgci.com/training/competing-federal-grants-5-dayThe White House. (n.d.). Office of Mnagement and Budget. Retrieved from http//www.whitehouse.gov/omb/grants_defaultHomeland Security. (n.d.). Title VI Overview for Recipients of DHS Financial Assistance. Retrieved from http//www.dhs.gov/title-vi-overview-recipients-dhs-financial-assistanceFELDESMAN+TUCKER+LEIFER+FIDELL. (n.d.). Federal Grants. Retrieved from http//www.feldesmantucker.com/federal-grants/Source document

Law Case Digest Essay Example for Free

Law Case Digest EssayIn 1977, quaternity bestows from Allied canting Corporation which is enclosed by four promissory notes amounting P100, 000 each was acquired by Elias Q. tangent, then chair of Lapu-lapu base, Inc. The bank was inhibited to file with the Regional Trial Court of Cebu City, Branch 15, a protest in looking for payment by Tan and the foundation, collectively and entirely, of the sum of P493, 566. 61 representing their attorneys fees and costs, loan obligation, penalty charges, exclusive of interests. For the reason that as of January 23, 1979, Tan and the foundation were not capable to pay the satisfying obligation with a total of P493, 566.61 and regardless of the demands made on them by the Bank.The foundation denied of acquiring the liability from the Bank as their answer to the complaint. They said that the loans were obtained by Tan in his individual(prenominal) capacity, for his own physical exercise and benefit and on the strength of the persona l in pulpation he provided the Bank. The Foundation upheld that it never gave Tan potence to co-sign in his place as its President any promissory note and that the Bank is full aware that the loans contracted were made in Tans personal capacity and for his own personal use and benefit and that the Foundation never benefitted, directly or indirectly in any mode or manner, thereof.The Foundation then interjected a cross-claim against Tan declaring that he, going beyond his indorsement, should be solely probable for the said loans, and a counterclaim against the Bank for damages and attorneys fees. For Tans part, he admitted that he committed the loans from the Bank in his personal capacity. The parties, however, agreed that the loans were to be paid from the proceeds of Tans shares of common stocks in the Lapu-Lapu Industries Corporation which is a real estate firm.The loans were covered by promissory notes which were automatic every last(predicate)y rekindled every year at an amo unt which includes the unpaid interest, until the time that Tan would be able to pay the same amount from the proceeds of his abovementioned shares. According to Tan, the employee of the Bank required him to attach two signatures on every promissory note, giving him guarantee that the loan documents would be filled prohibited in consistency with their agreement. Yet, after he signed and delivered the loan documents to the Bank, these were filled out not in accord with their agreement, wherein the Foundation was included as party. Further, previous to its filling of the complaint, the Bank made no claim on him. later the trial, the court handed over judgment. First, obliged Tan and the Foundation to pay jointly and solely to the Bank the principal obligation for the four promissory notes in the amount of P 493, 566.61 which includes all their charges included in the same, with 14% interest per annum, computed from January 24, 1979 until the same are fully paid, with an additional 2 % service charges and 1% periodical penalty charges. Second, the court obliged Tan and the Foundation to pay jointly and solely, attorneys fees in the equivalent amount of 25% of the total amount due from them on the promissory notes, including all charges and lastly, two Tan and the Foundation are obliged to pay jointly and solely proceedings expenses of P 1,000.00 increase costs of the suit. The CA supported with modification the judgment of the court by deleting the award of attorneys fees in the favor of the Bank so that there will be no bias. The petition for canvass on certiorari was filed by Tan and the Foundation.ISSUE 1. Whether Tan and the foundation should be held jointly and solely liable.2. Whether the foundation gave Tan an apparent authority to deal with the Bank.RULING1. As it is in the doctrine of somatic entity, the court did not make a mistake in holding Tan and the Foundation jointly and solely liable. Given these circumstances Tan representing himself as t he President of Lapu-Lapu Foundation Inc., Tan opening a savings account and a current account in the name of the corporation, signing the application form as well as the necessary sample signature cards twice for himself and the Foundation, and Tan submitting a notarized Secretarys Certificate from the corporation, attesting that he has been authorized to sign for and in behalf of the Lapu-Lapu Foundation any and all checks, drafts or other orders with respect to the Bank to perform business with the Bank, negotiate loans, agreement, obligations, promissory notes and other technical documents and to initially acquire a loan of P100, 000.00 from any bank Tan and the Foundation cannot hide infra the corporate veil. Because of the transactions Tan entered on the behalf of the Foundation, the Foundation is deemed liable.2. According to the Secretarys Certificate, Tan, the President, was given supposed and clear authority by the Foundation to, among other things, deal with the Bank. For that reason, the Foundation is prohibited from questioning the authority of Tan to attain the subject loans from the respondent Bank. Since it is a known doctrine that if a corporation wittingly allows one of its officers, or any other agents, to act within the scope of a noticeable authority, and holds him out to the public as someone who holds the power to do those acts, the corporation is prohibited from denying the agents authority.

American Dream Essay Example for Free

Ameri shadower pipe dream EssayThe idea of inhalations is full to the important supporters with aside The Bell wave and Death of a Salesman. These ideas stem from the concept kn own as the Ameri buns Dream, which is the article of belief that with enough hold out anyone can be what they want to be. The American Dream can often be cited to the term Manifest Destiny, which is the belief in Americas mission in the human race and can often be related to expanding their control over land.There are diametrical types of American Dreams in the texts. These include Material, academician, 19th Century (outdoors), twentieth Century (business) and Happiness, which the authors physical exercise to give us an at heart look into the characters. The concept of the American Dream is presented in Plaths The Bell Jar in a like way to milling machines Death of a Salesman, when Plath states, look at what can happen in this country suggesting that the American Dream is a predominant t hought in the American minds.In contrast to Millers main character, Willy, that unwisely follows the American Dream, the main character of The Bell Jar, Esther, does not believe this to be true and fights against the current of mainstream ideas and belief that if you work hard enough you can achieve anything. This is be in the character, Doreen who is fortunate for just universe beautiful, showing the shallowness of party. The American Dream is shown in Millers Death of a Salesman through characters much(prenominal) as Ben.Ben is the exemplary man with the American Dream Miller writes that he walked out into the jungle and that when he came out he was rich. This belief that the American Dream can happen to anybody eventually drives his brother Willy to the tragic endurance of his suicide. This is a very depressing image and one that a lot of people can relate to, that the concept of the American Dream has a base of lies, deceit and luck such as Ben who finish up in Africa whi ch thence later made him rich. Although they both(prenominal)(prenominal) have differing attitudes toward the American Dream they both hitchk to achieve their own goals in a different manner.Willy is much more of a protagonist he talks about creation successful and how he will take action in the morning. On the other hand Esther is more pro-active in the pursuit of her dream as she is very academically successful and has never answered one test question wrong. Both of these approaches to seeking their dreams give us an perceptivity into how the characters should have followed their dream and where their mistakes were, such as with Willy who often reminisces that he should have gone with Ben to the mines.Willy is so disillusion that he will do anything in night club to help Biff and Happy to achieve their dreams, which is the main factor in Willys suicide. We in addition get a sense of selfishness from this act of disillusionment as Willy seems to use his sons as an excuse fo r him to commit this act he has been clinging onto the American Dream so tightly that it became a veil over his eyes that left him blind to see he has the wrong dreams. Plath often uses the enjoyment dream in conjunction with the academic and material dreams to contrast with for each one other and to explore what the American Dream is and how to achieve it.We see this when Esther fed her clothes into the night wind which is Plath showing the reader that in order for Esther to achieve her happiness dream she does not need material objects. Plath uses techniques such as inner monologues to give us the deep feeling of failure residing in Esther and this gives us the impression that we should follow our own dream, or else of following a fake dream. While in contrast Miller uses the 19th and 20th century dreams in order to explore what the American Dream really is and how to achieve it.We can see this when Biff asks, Why am I trying to become what I dont want to be and states he desi res to be outdoors with his shirt off for him to build a future. Biff represents freedom from the shackles of society, often pause the convention, such as committing crimes in order to rebel. These explorations of the American Dream are very different in the way they are presented but both lead to the same conclusion, which is that you need to do more than assay and talk about your dreams, but act upon them, which both characters try, but evidently fail.Both writers look to shop the myth of the American Dream and the harsh reality within the characters of the respective texts. This idea is shown predominantly through the main characters, Willy and Esther, who are complete opposites in this view. Miller portrays Willy as the average low-middle class American who and has the hope of the dream to cling to and keep him going, this is why Willy doesnt envision the true meaning of the American Dream, as he himself has fallen into the cast to what he thinks society wants him to be.Thi s is evident when he exaggerates it is his way of following the American dream. He talks about how popular he is and how his funeral will be massive, whereas in reality he is unknown. His dream is to be rich and famous and to an extent he fools himself into believing this, such as when he talks about how he sold five hundred in Providence but then realises that he only sold two hundred gross on the whole trip. This gives us a sense of tragedy, that no matter how hard he tries to provide for his family, he is destined to fail, which Miller hints at with the attempted suicide with the rubber tube.However, Plath portrays Esther as a bright young women, who has the opportunity of living the American Dream but she can see through the illusion of what society thinks she should be. When she has her photo taken, she has to hold a fake rose and the rose doesnt represent her as a person or what she aspires to be, which is the promontory that Plath explores with regards to the American Dream in The Bell Jar. Plath and Miller use very different techniques to represent the American Dream. This is collectable to the texts being of different styles one is a novel and the other a play.That said they do parcel out some similarities, such as non-linear narratives to give us an insight into the key themes. The techniques used give different insights into the individualistic thoughts of the American Dream. wizard technique used by Plath is the interior monologue, which gives us the intimate thoughts of Esther and what she thinks of the valet de chambre near her. Plath uses this technique to show her thoughts about the American Dream, as though they are her own thoughts represented in Esther.This gives us a very powerful faith on the American Dream, as it is an opinion that is close to what we may in any case think from reading the novel. However Miller uses the flash-back technique in order to show where the idea of the American Dream originates and Willy and Esther per ceive it this way. This form of stream-of-consciousness gives us a clear-cut view into what the character perceives and can often help us to understand of why the characters act as they do.One way that both authors explore the concept of the American Dream is by how the characters can achieve their individual dreams this often leads to pressure to pursue the wrong dream. This is present in a lot of the characters in both texts such as Biff, who is the only realistic one in the Loman family. He realises his boundaries and abilities but in cattiness of this he still attempts to make a businessman out of himself though it is not what he wants, which he shows when he says, Why am I trying to become what I dont want to be. He also informs us that Willy has all the wrong dreams.This idea of becoming a successful businessman is a degree centigrade copy of Willys dreams, pressed onto Biff. Though Biff, unlike Willy, doesnt procrastinate, everything for Willy is done in the morning and thi s is the main reason why he is unsuccessful, he talks instead of taking action as we are shown when Charley says that Bernards gonna do it instead of saying it, which Willy seems to admire. On the other hand Esther is the opposite of Willy she is academically successful, more popular and has the chance to take hold the American Dream.Esther says I was supposed to be having the time of my life but the only problem with Esthers dream is that society wants her to be something else and this pressure is one of the reasons for her latter depression, when she was meant to be happy. When Plath uses the stream-of-consciousness technique we see that Esthers thoughts about the American Dream seem to deteriorate as her mental stability does, not even noticing when she could have potentially had a dream life in the fashion industry saying its somebody else in the powder store photo. Another character that Miller shows is following the wrong dream is Happy.He follows what Willy thinks he should be and he is always looking for his father to notice him, such as when he comments on how he is losing weight. This is an fashion model of following the wrong dream. Happy has fallen prey to trying to make someone else happy by living their dream instead of following his own ambitions, which is the point that Miller explores. Miller has deliberately manipulate up the brothers to have contrasts as we can see within the dreams they possess. Miller also explores the idea that the American Dream is possible if you try this is in the case of Bernard.Bernard, like Ben, is the prime example of the American Dream coming true. Although he isnt as popular as Biff or Happy, he manages to be an academic and now presents cases in the supreme court, which genuinely shocks Willy as he recognises that Bernards dream has come true. For Willy there is also an air of envy that Bernard has followed the right dream. We see how Willy blindly follows the American Dream and that he doesnt truly understa nd what it is, he thinks that a personally attractive man will be able to be successful in the world of business.Willys understanding of the American Dream is limited as he believes that superficial qualities such as being liked is all a man needs whereas we are shown that it is hard work and risks that allow men to live the dream, such as Bernard who he often ridiculed for being an anaemic. Another point that shows us Willys little understanding of the American Dream is the simile its dark there, but full of diamonds. This metaphor means that through the hardship there will be a reward and is the main whimsey that drives Willy but it often appears in the form of Ben who reminds him.Ben gives the impression to Willy that he can do it, but also shows us Willys loosening grip to distinguish from reality and dream. The pressure to be something else or something great can have a massive strain on ones being and we can see this through the unlike suicide attempts by both Willy, with t he rubber tube, and Esther with her trying to hang herself. In conclusion, I believe that each text explores the concept of the American Dream in very independent ways that express the opinions of the authors. Miller presents to us ideas such as to achieve the dream you have to be disillusioned which we see in the main protagonist, Willy.The combinations of techniques that Miller uses gives us the impression that nothing good can come out of the American Dream, as if almost hopeless to even have a dream. On the other hand, Plath uses the ideas of isolation being the problem, which we see in Esthers case. Plath uses the ideas of isolation coupled with depression to show the bleakness of striving to achieve a dream, which is a belief that Plath shares. This idea of isolation resonates in both main protagonists and leads back to the notion of society being the problem.Both characters dont fit in with society and are both under strain to be something they do not want to be. This gives u s the sense that they are born into the wrong society and this I believe is the point that both authors try to explore, that there is nothing wrong with the characters themselves but it is the world around them that is flawed and through various narrative and stage techniques the authors convey this conclusion successfully.BibliographyPlath. S The Bell Jar Faber (1966) Miller. A Death of a Salesman Heinemann (1949) Dan Clarke

Corporate Performance of Malaysian Public Companies

somatic Performance of Malaysian roughhewn interpose Companies1.0 Introduction and motivating of interpretThe relinquishs of self- impart and corporal governance gain been discussed broadly in the forward literature peculiarly in developed securities industry government agencys. However, in emerging economies cor opposeing Malaysia, the materialisations received a vigorous impetus when the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) hit Malaysia with severity in 1997/98. The AFC had low-spirited the economy to negative 7.5% in 1998, around 84,000 people lost their job and Malaysian capital tradeplace lost estimated USD200 zillion in term of market capitalization during the crisis (Series of Malaysia Economic Reports). At the same time, the honour of Malaysian currency had been decrease dramatic entirelyy from 2.52 ringgit to the US dollar in June, 1997 to a lowest of 4.50 ringgit to the US dollar in January, 1998 (Tourres, 2003), plunging the country into its first recession for m whatsoever years.Weak financial systems, excessive unusual borrowing and lack of transp arntness were among factors that contributed to the crisis (Fischer, 1998). Following the AFC, the Malaysian regimen introduced several reform measures to enhance transp atomic number 18ncy and accountability to restoring market confidence and encourage more stable and tenacious term international investiture. compositors case of these ar the establishment of the Malaysian Institute of somatic governance (MICG) in 1998, the introduction of Malaysian mark of Corporate establishment (MCCG) in March 20001which codified the principles and best practices of good governance and the launched of Malaysias Capital foodstuff Master Plan in 2002 as a comprehensive plan that identifies the strategic positioning and next(a) of the Malaysian capital market. The Minority Sh arholders Watchdog GROUP (MSWG) was also setup in 2001 as move to the AFC.This playing argona focuses on Malaysias capital market mainly because of the confidence sh give by the international business corporation concerning investments in Malaysia especi all in ally after the economy has fully find from the AFC. Based on The Productivity and investment Climate Survey, World Bank 2009, which studys signs perceptions of the business environment, suggests that Malaysia is a relatively attractive place for investors. Meanwhile, Report on Doing Business 2010 ranked Malaysia 23rd issue of 183 economies for ease of doing business and recently the World Competitiveness Score senesce 2010 rigid Malaysia 10th of the intimately competitive economy in the world, up from 18th place in the forward year.The consummation of Malaysia economy to date partly contributing through the active roles plays by the presidency-linked companies (GLCs) that form the pillar of the bodily social structure of the Malaysian economy. GLCs and their reserveling make egressholders, presidential term-linked inves tment companies (GLICs), constitute a evidential part of the economic structure of Malaysia. GLCs employ an estimated 5% of the national workforce, account for approximately 49% of market capitalization (Ringgit Malaysia 235.5 cardinal) of Bursa Malaysia Securities, contributes about 17 percent of the nations gross fixed capital formation and account for al intimately 10 percent of piggy Domestic Product (Malaysia Economic Report, 2009/2010). More than that, GLCs also plays an important role in executing organisation policies and initiatives especially in key sectors and new growth sectors. Even with active divestment and privatization, GLCs remained as the main benefit providers to the nations key strategic utilities and goods including electricity, telecommunications, airlines, airports, public transportations, banking and financial services.On conk of that, GLCs also on question in implementing recommendations of the best practices af impregnableed in Malaysian encrypt o f Corporate Governance for Malaysian prevalent Listed Companies (Corporate Governance Survey Report, 2008). In the meantime, Corporate Governance Watch 2007, an annual collaborative study of merged governance landscape of Asian market undertaken by independent stockbroker CLSA Asia Pacific grocerys and the Asian Corporate Governance Association noted general improvement at the GLCs, a function of GLCs reforms and greater openness. Finally, the research on GLCs public presentation in Malaysia is also in truth important in order to canvas the real execution of GLCs Transformation Program, the special course of instruction that was launched in whitethorn 2004 by Malaysian organisation to improve the accomplishment of GLCs. Recently, the total sh areholder return of a extract of buy the farm 20 GLCs, has outperformed the benchmark index of Kuala Lumpur coordination compound Index (KLCI) by a compounded annual growth rate of 2.4 percent since the launch of the programme (Bus iness Times, 2009).Motivate by the above reason, part of this study attempts to examine whether or not judicature monomania lead to intermit go with capital punishment by focusing on the unique characteristics of establishment self- pass on in GLCs. The research is an attempt to extend the literature in this field and to provide new penetration and understanding on the roles of secern in emerging market considering the limited number of research in this area. Hence, the first part of this study attempts to answer the pursuit primary research questionIs t present any epoch-making kind between self-command structure of political relation- linked companies in Malaysia and devoted hold dear?2.0 suppositious Foundations of the Studythither are number of different theoretical frameworks to explain and analyze bodied governance. dissimilitude frameworks approaches somatic governance in different way, for example the authorization theory arises from the fields of fina nce and semi governingal economy and the stakeholder theory arises from social-orientated panorama on embodied governance. According to Mallin (2010, p.14), the main theories that look at affected the development of in corporald governance are execution theory, transaction cost political economy, stakeholder theory and stewardship theory. All these theory from difference disciplines slang contributed to the development of theoretical aspects of corporal governance and its frameworks. However, the main theory that generally associated with self-will of the incorruptible is delegation theory that widely used in precedent researches around the world. suppositious and empirical researches on the family between willpower and staunch value was originally motivated by the separation of self- fake from control (Berle Means, 1932) and more recently, by sanction theory (Jensen Meckling, 1976 Fama Jensen, 1983). In this theory, the basic assumption is that the goals and in tents of the principals ( receiveers) and private instructors (agents) conflict. The primaeval problem in corporate governance is to construct rules and incentive to effectively align the behavior of autobuss with the desires of principals (Hawley and Williams, 1996). The problem of agents being liable to principals is that it compounds the agency costs identified by Jensen and Meckling (1976) with the basic assumption is that managers will act opportunistically to further their own cheers before distributeholders and unrivaled of the main reasons that the desired actions of principal and agent diverge is their different attitude towards jeopardize (Shankman, 1999).Under the circumstances, in Malaysia w here there is a gamy concentration of disposal willpower in tautens (Tam and Tan, 2007) and blue percentage of libertines affiliated to regimen (La Porta et al., 1999), the presidential term self-control actually has capacity to provide a control mechanisms to ali gn management personal fair games with true objectives and eventually increase the firm value.Parts of GLCs in Malaysia are privatized firms during Malaysian Privatization Policy in 1990s. Hence, the firms always link to political variables and in that stance the political view of GLCs conceive that the high take of government interferences resulted of inefficiency to the firm rather than facilitate the operation.3.0 Literature check and Research GapsIn Malaysia mise en scene, GLCs are defined as companies that live with a primary commercial objective and in which the Malaysian government has a direct supreme stake via the GLICs. The GLICs are investment weaponry of the government that allocate government funds to the GLCs (Putrajaya Committee on GLC High Performance, 2004 Lau and Tong, 2008). Meanwhile, the positive stake here refers to the governments ability (not just percentage ownership) to appoint circuit card members, senior management and/or make major(ip)(ip) dec isions. The Ministry of Finance (1993) classify GLCs as ace in which the Malaysian government had an effective ownership vex of at least 20 percent of beauteousness shares. Twenty percent voting rights in genius particular companionship is considered to be sufficient for effective control and is employed in preliminary(prenominal) studies on ownership (La Porta et al.,1999 Faccio et.al., 2001 and Setia-Atmaja, 2009). Majority of GLCs under the national official government are under Khazanah Nasional Berhad, sensation of the most active GLICs in Malaysia2.Empirical studies on the kin between government ownership and firm cognitive process on the whole produced inconclusive results. Study by Ang and Ding (2005) on the descent between ownership structure of Singaporean GLCs and implementation order that GLCs exhibit high(prenominal) valuations than those of the non-GLCs. In a connect study, Ke and Issac (2007) constitution that governments shareholding is positively r elated to corporate surgical operation of chinas listed property companies, suggested that the economy sector is matter in the country. The findings but inconsistent with other empirical studies on the government ownership in china where in boilersuit run aground the negative kinship between these two variables. For example, Sun and Tong (2003) McGuiness and Ferguson (2005) Gunasekarage, Xu and Wang (1999) and Li, Sun and Zou (2009) find that on average, the firms movement is negatively influenced by the governments ownership.Research in Malaysia on the family between government ownership and effect is lacking and also show mixed findings. Recently, Lau and Tong (2008) conducted a research on the continue of government noise on firm value by employed 15 listed GLCs under Khazanah Nasional Berhad from year 2000 to 2005 (90 firm-year observations). They reveal a evidential positive relationship between the ground take aim of government ownership and firm value. However, t his study has shortcomings as the selected data sets of 15 GLCs a year under Khazanah Nasional Berhad are too small and not deep enough to represent the boilers suit GLCs work. In fact, there are many more listed GLCs under the controlled of national government GLICs3as well as GLCs under the distinguish government jurisdiction. This research aims to address this issue by providing in-depth examinations and comprehensive study on all GLCs twain at federal official and put up level.In a related study in Malaysia, Tam and Tan (2007) find that the process of firms associated to government ownership is poor compared to others ownership symbols namely individual-owned firms, abroad-owned firms and trust fund-owned firms. The study heterogeneous the top 150 listed companies on Bursa Malaysia Securities base on their ranking according to their market capitalization in 2000. The correspondent results also found in research by Ming and Gee (2008) and Chu and Cheah (2006) that s how the negative relationship between government ownership and firms corporate cognitive process. However, those studies also make up limitations as they fail to properly identify the unique characteristics of GLCs ownership in Malaysia. In their studies, they group together all vitrines of GLCs in one group in an attempt to find its relationship to executing without addressing issues of (i) the different event of GLCs controlled by federal government and GLCs controlled by earths government and (ii) the different fictional character of shares in GLCs.With regard to the first issue, distinctions should be made between GLCs controlled by federal government (GLCFGs) and those controlled by earth governments (GLCSGs) predominantly because they are difference in aspects of monitoring by federal government machineries and GLICs.GLCFGs subjected to tight supervision and monitoring not only by its GLICs but by ministries concerned under federal government. For example, Tenaga Nasi onal Berhad, a GLCFG is the largest electric utility come with in Malaysia with one governments special share and majority of it frequent shares owned by Khazanah Nasional Berhad . The Ministry of Finance prudent to the issues pertaining to the corporate matters of the friendship much(prenominal) as the approval entity for mesh of CEO/ control beautify of managing theater directors, their contract extension or termination, troupe performance etc. The picking of keep companion chairman or CEO is carefully chosen ground on their capability and suitability to whirl the organization. In the meantime, matters pertaining to policy such(prenominal) as approval for electric tariff increment and monitoring of company obeying to energy policy of Malaysia are under the responsibility of Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water as a guardian ministry. In addition, National Audit Department also conducting an annual auditing or special auditing to this company to be reporte d in Auditors General Report that eventually to be presented in Parliament. Furthermore, Public Accounts Committee, a committee under Parliament also switch right to check over whatever issues surrounding the company such as mismanagement or issues highlighted in Auditors General Report. With all these stringent monitoring systems, the GLCFGs are more cautious in their actions and eventually lead to good corporate performance in the wide run.On the other hand, the extent of monitoring and supervision of GLCSGs by respective republic governments is weaker. All issues pertaining GLCSGs are to be monitor and solve by State Economic Development Corporation (SEDC), a controlling agency cum main shareholder of GLCSGs. As contended in Agency Theory, lack of monitoring efforts will increase the agency costs that eventually lead to poor firm performance.Furthermore, GLICs at federal government fool more systematically systems and incentives in monitoring and improve its GLCs performance compared to its counterpart in state government. For example is the establishment of a special program aims to transform GLCs to high performers entity called GLCs Transformation Program (GTP) that was launched in may 2004. Under this program, 20 larger GLCs (G-20) that controlled by different federal government GLICs has been selected to be transform into high performance entity and become regional or global champions. Since the launch the programme, G-20 cede made noteworthy improvement especially on their financial aspects with operating cash flow for non-financial G-20 firms grew by 42% from RM14 billion in 2004 to RM20 billion in 2008. At the same time, aggregate earnings for 2008 also 53% higher compared to performance in 2004 and total shareholder returns has outperformed the benchmark index of Kuala Lumpur mixed Index (KLCI) by a compounded annual growth rate of 4.8% since the launch of the program (GTP Mid-Term Progress reexamine, 2009). With regard to this issue, bas ed on above wants the current study argue that the performance of listed GLCs controlled by federal government are bust than it counterparts under the controlled of state government.On the second issue, old studies with concerned to government ownership and performance have ignored the genuinely important characteristic of GLCs in Malaysia which is GLCs with governments one special share or rosy share. As a background, to stimulate economic growth and reduce Government financial burden, privatization policy was introduced in 1983 and a lot of government entities as well as hundreds of government projects had been implemented by secluded sector. From 1983 until 2003, 474 projects and 457 government entities had been privatized from 1983 until 2005 involving assets sale of RM1.54 billion and rightfulness sales of RM4.94 billion (Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Department). un corresponding type of privatization such as sale, leased, management contract and build-lease-t ransfer have been used. However, in most strategic entities such as ports, main utilities provider (e.g. Tenaga Nasional Berhad) and national carrier (Malaysian Airlines Systems Berhad), Malaysian government directly retained one special share or well known as well-fixed share on top of popular shares that possess by GLICs on behalf of the government. In this type of GLCs, the level of Government interference is excessively. The well-to-do share grant government not only right to control companys direction including the interlocking/ tone ending of Chairman, Board member, CEO and senior management but also make major decisions such as restructuring exercise, mergers and acquisition, assets disposal and even cancel whatever decision make by the firms for the interest of government5by the government in 2001 with cost closed to Ringgit Malaysia one billion (Jalleh M., 2005) was a good example of how this type of GLCs being protected by the government. any(prenominal) other pro minent case was the bailout of national car company Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional or Proton by state-owned oil company, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (known as Petronas) during the AFC through cash injected by instruction of the government (Restall, 2000). Based on the arguments, the present study believed that, this type of firms should be treated separately from other normal GLCs to moderate the touch of government interventions. By group them together into one group of GLCs as carried out by precedent studies in Malaysia is inappropriate and may have distorted their studies result.This research basically will address two of these issue by differentiate all GLCs in Malaysia into groups according to their controlling agency at federal or state level and also based on their type of shares to observe their impact to firms corporate performance. This study expected to form a distinctive contribution to the knowledge and provide new facts on around elements of the government ownership in emerging economies by providing in-depth analysis on the issue. To the best of my knowledge, no particular researcher so far focuses on examining government ownership and firm value by make use of these proposed approaches. In addition to that, others variable that related to government ownership such as the role of politicians, government official and ex- government officials as plank members in GLCs and also the influence of degree of government ownership in GLCs will also be tested.4.0 Hypotheses developmentThis present study in the end intended to test for any association between ownership structures of GLCs and firm value. A total of septenary aspects have been identified and the hypotheses developed as to their probable effect and firm performance.4.1 GLCs under federal and state government and firm performance at that place were not studies specifically relate this variable with performance in Malaysia, but study by Chen, Firth and Xu (2009) on chinas listed company r evealed that the performance of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) affiliated to interchange government or in Malaysian scope is federal government is outperformed their counterpart which are related to state and local government. They also argued that different form of government ownership have different motivation and objectives on investment and it lead to different performance outcomes for the companies they have invested in. According to Loh (2008), the Malaysias constitutional design all the way favors the federal over the state governments, both in term of legislative jurisdictions as well as in terms of revenue assignments. Based on this argument and motivations on the effectiveness of monitoring systems by federal government as discussed in 3.0, the proposed hypothesis isH1 The impact of GLCs controlled by federal government on firm performance is stronger than GLCs controlled by states government4.2 GLCs with governments special share and firm performanceAs explained in Sec tion 3.0 above, governments golden share providing the government will unlimited power to control company directions and sometimes lead to misallocation of resources by the companies itself or by the government in order to assist them. The holding agency of this share is Ministry of Finance Incorporated, the entity under Ministry of Finance, Malaysia.Although there is no empirical study so far that investigate the relationship between governments special share and performance in Malaysia, but study by Sun, Tong H.S, and Tong (2002) from chinas privatization cause shows that too much government interference and control of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) was among the reasons of SOEs poor performance. other argument is that, as of the horizon of minority shareholders, too much intervention from government will jeopardize the companys development and resulted poor performance in the long run. Hence, this type of company is not attractive for investors. Therefore, it is hypothesized thatH2 The impact of GLCs without governments golden share on firm performance is stronger than GLCs with governments golden share4.3 Degree of government ownership and firm performance interchangeable many others East Asian countries, Malaysias corporate sector also experiencing a high level of ownership concentration (Liew, 2007 La Porta et al., 1998). Gunasekarage et. al (2006) in their study on influence of the degree of state ownership on the performance of listed Chinese companies conclude that firms performance is significant at high levels of government ownership and a balanced ownership structure enhances the firm performance. Study by Ke and D.Isaac (2007) in China listed property companies from 2000 to 2002 also reveals that the government shareholding is positively related to corporate performance. In Malaysia context, Lau and Tong (2008) in their study of 15 listed GLCs in Bursa Malaysia for the period of 2000 to 2005 find a significant positive relationship between the degree of government ownership6and firm value. However, this study has limitation in term of selected data sets as laid out in Section 3.0. Therefore the variable will be re-testing with more comprehensive data sets in order to have more concrete and rich evidence on the influence of this variable to firm performance. In line with agency theory that concentrated ownership in more effective in reducing managerial agency cost, the proposed hypotheses areH3 There is a significant relationship between governments ownership degree in GLCs and firm performance4.4 Politicians as director and firm performanceGLCs traditionally has some of its wits of directors that had affiliations with the ruling party especially those GLCs that previously under government control and later on conglomerate in privatization. Johnson and Mitton (2003) noted that as of October 1999, 15.8% or 67 out of 424 firms listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities are politically connected to the ruling p arty. Empirical evidence on the association between politicians as director and its impact to firm value is inconclusive. Study by Xu, Zhu and Lin (2005) on state owned enterprises in China revealed that politicians have incentives to control the firms to achieve economically inefficient objectives for political purposes. In a related study, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) subject that excess employment and wages are coarse in public enterprise that control by politicians. This unhealthy phenomenon could lead to wrong managerial investment decisions and result in misallocation of companys resources that eventually reduce the firm value. Boubakri, Cosset and Saffar (2008) investigate the association between political connections of newly privatized firms and the impact to performance. The study involved 245 privatized firms in 27 developing and 14 industrialized countries and the existence of political connections is based on whether the particular firms have a politician or an ex-polit ician on their come alongs. They find that the politically-connected firms exhibit a poor performance compared to their non-connected counterparts. The convertible result also found in Fan et. al (2007). Meanwhile, Fisman (2001) in his study in Indonesia and Faccio (2006) in analysis of 47 countries find a significant relationship between these two variables. In the context of Malaysia where business and politics are inter-related (Gomez and Jomo, 1997) indicated that, participation of politicians in GLCs might have effects on firm value as they act as a link between the governments and companys management. Therefore, it is hypothesized that,H4 There is a significant relationship between politician as director and firm performance4.5 Government officials as board member in GLCs and firm performanceGLCs are created partly to implement government policy objectives especially those established as a result of privatization exercises in the early eighties. Hence, most of their board of directors are polite servants either still in-service or formal government officials that act as eyes and ear of government as well as communication bridge between the management and the government. Agrawal and Knoeber (2001) in their study found that the politically vex directors that comprises former government officials benefits the company they served and noted that they are more prevalent in firms compare to others outside directors. In a related study in Singapore that involved 25 GLCs and 204 non-GLCs for the period from 1990 to 2000, Ang and Ding (2006) found that GLCs exhibit higher valuations than those of the non-GLCs in the area of profitability, efficiency and firms financial performance. equivalent Malaysian GLCs, Singapore GLCs also comprises government officials in their board. At such, it is hypothesized that,H5 There is a significant relationship between in service government official as director and firm performanceH6 There is a significant relationship betwee n former government official as director and firm performance5.0 Research design and methodology5.1 Data and sample designThe first beat in this research is designed to examine the impact of ownership structure on corporate performance of all GLCs listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia Securities for the period of five years (2004 until 2008). To ensure that the sample intelligibly equal the population intended for the research and to harmonious the selected sample to the GLCs definition, the sample selection is based on the interest criteriaAt any time, one specific GLICs either at federal or states government level must be the single largest shareholder with at least 20% share ownership in one particular company on Main Board of KLSE andThe financial and unit trust companies are excluded as they are governed by different set of rules and acts that could affect the end findings of this study. In addition, all postulate financial data for the study period are to be availabl e in databases (Datastream or Thomson Research) and development on ownership and corporate governance structure from companies respective audited annual report.The study constructs an unbalanced ornament data of all GLCs during the study period. This approach has the advantage of attrition biases in correlation (Hu and Izumida, 2008). The observations period of 2004 to 2008 is chosen mainly because the period was the phase of economic stability in Malaysia when the countrys economy and capitals market activities fully vulcanized after the Asian Financial Crisis. The performance chart in Figure 2 at a lower place reveals that preceding to AFC, the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) in average has been trading in an upward trend. However, the AFC push down the KLCI to downstairs 600 during the peak of the crisis. The post-crisis period has seen steady increase in the value of the KLCI even though until 2006 Bursa Malaysia Securities still has some 200 companies trading at more than 50 percent discount to their book values (James, 2006). Another reason for the chosen period is to evaluate the impact of GLCs Transformation Program that launch in May 2004 by Malaysian government to improve performance of GLCs.5.2 Methodology5.2.1 The proposed amazeThe following base model will be used to test the hypotheses that have been defined in the previous section get along = + 1FG_GLC + 2SG_GLC + 3GOLD + 4GOV_OWN + 5POL + 6GO_BOD + 7EX-GO_BOD + 8LOG_SIZE + 9LEV + 10BOD_SIZE + 11BOD_MEET + 12BOD_IND + iWhere act = the dependent variables procurator by ROA, ROE and Tobins QIndependent variablesFG_GLC = GLCs under federal government(equal to 1 if a firm is under federal government, and 0 otherwise)SG_GLC = GLCs under state government(equal to 1 if a firm is under states government, and 0 otherwise)GOLD = GLCs which government owned one golden share(equal to 1 if a firm has governments golden share, and 0 otherwise)GOV_OWN = captures the percentage of government owners hip in a GLCPOL = captures the percentage of politician on the boardGO_BOD = captures the percentage of government official in-service on the boardEX-GO_BOD = captures the percentage of ex-government official on the boardControl variablesLOG_SIZE = natural log of total assets as proxy of firm sizeLEV = firm leverage (total liabilities to total assets)BOD_SIZE = number of board of directors during the yearBOD_MEET = number of board of directors meetings during the yearBOD_IND = captures the percentage of independent directors on the boardi = error term5.2.2 Operationalization of variable selection5.2.2.1 The dependent variableThe dependent variable in this study is firm performance that comprises accounting and market based performance namely return on assets (ROA)8and Tobins Q. They are to be employed in this study to measure the impact of ownership structure on corporate performance. The accounting-based performance is the most common types of performance measurement in assessing b usiness performance. In this approach, annual report, which comprises income statements, balance sheets and statements of changes in financial position are the source of information to analyze companys financial performance for one particular financial year. This approach is very important for companys stakeholders such as potential investors since the indicator can help them in making investment decisions. It also vital in helping the companys shareholders to assess how well the company performed in market place in order to make decisions on management and employees rewards, setting suitable plans to sustain the good caprice or even take drastic approaches for company to remain in business. The accounting-based performance also helps manager to effectively plan and control in order to achieve the objectives of the company. For example, according to Thompson Yeung (2001), return on equity as one of the accounting-based measurements can accommodate the effect of different accountin g procedures across industries and can diminish the multi-linearity between companys specific characteristics such as size, age and profitability.Both ROA and ROE are the most common measurement used in analyzing financial performance of companies and have been used widely in previous studies (Vafeas,1999 Abdullah,2004 Bhagat Black, 2002 Rahman Haniffa 2006 Ang Ding, 2006 Bhagat Bolton 2008 and Chu, 2009).Since accounting-based performance measures the past and current performance of the firm, mCorporate Performance of Malaysian Public CompaniesCorporate Performance of Malaysian Public Companies1.0 Introduction and motivation of studyThe issues of ownership and corporate governance have been discussed broadly in the prior literature especially in developed markets. However, in emerging economies like Malaysia, the issues received a vigorous impetus when the Asian Financial Crisis (AFC) hit Malaysia with severity in 1997/98. The AFC had depress the economy to negative 7.5% in 1 998, around 84,000 people lost their job and Malaysian capital market lost estimated USD200 billion in term of market capitalization during the crisis (Series of Malaysia Economic Reports). At the same time, the value of Malaysian currency had been decrease dramatically from 2.52 ringgit to the US dollar in June, 1997 to a lowest of 4.50 ringgit to the US dollar in January, 1998 (Tourres, 2003), plunging the country into its first recession for many years.Weak financial systems, excessive foreign borrowing and lack of foil were among factors that contributed to the crisis (Fischer, 1998). Following the AFC, the Malaysian government introduced several reform measures to enhance transparency and accountability to restoring market confidence and encourage more stable and long term international investment. object lesson of these are the establishment of the Malaysian Institute of Corporate Governance (MICG) in 1998, the introduction of Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance (MCCG) in March 20001which codified the principles and best practices of good governance and the launched of Malaysias Capital Market Master Plan in 2002 as a comprehensive plan that identifies the strategic positioning and future of the Malaysian capital market. The Minority Shareholders Watchdog GROUP (MSWG) was also setup in 2001 as respond to the AFC.This study focuses on Malaysias capital market mainly because of the confidence shown by the international business union concerning investments in Malaysia especially after the economy has fully recovered from the AFC. Based on The Productivity and investment Climate Survey, World Bank 2009, which reports firms perceptions of the business environment, suggests that Malaysia is a relatively attractive place for investors. Meanwhile, Report on Doing Business 2010 ranked Malaysia 23rd out of 183 economies for ease of doing business and recently the World Competitiveness Scoreboard 2010 fixed Malaysia 10th of the most competitive economy in the world, up from 18th place in the previous year.The achievement of Malaysia economy to date partly contributing through the active roles plays by the government-linked companies (GLCs) that form the linchpin of the structure of the Malaysian economy. GLCs and their controlling shareholders, government-linked investment companies (GLICs), constitute a significant part of the economic structure of Malaysia. GLCs employ an estimated 5% of the national workforce, account for approximately 49% of market capitalization (Ringgit Malaysia 235.5 billion) of Bursa Malaysia Securities, contributes about 17 percent of the nations gross fixed capital formation and account for almost 10 percent of coarse Domestic Product (Malaysia Economic Report, 2009/2010). More than that, GLCs also plays an important role in executing government policies and initiatives especially in key sectors and new growth sectors. Even with active divestment and privatization, GLCs remained as the main service provid ers to the nations key strategic utilities and services including electricity, telecommunications, airlines, airports, public transportations, banking and financial services.On top of that, GLCs also on forefront in implementing recommendations of the best practices affirmed in Malaysian Code of Corporate Governance for Malaysian Public Listed Companies (Corporate Governance Survey Report, 2008). In the meantime, Corporate Governance Watch 2007, an annual collaborative study of corporate governance landscape of Asian market undertaken by independent stockbroker CLSA Asia Pacific Markets and the Asian Corporate Governance Association noted general improvement at the GLCs, a function of GLCs reforms and greater openness. Finally, the research on GLCs performance in Malaysia is also very important in order to investigate the real achievement of GLCs Transformation Program, the special program that was launched in May 2004 by Malaysian government to improve the performance of GLCs. Re cently, the total shareholder return of a selection of top 20 GLCs, has outperformed the benchmark index of Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) by a compounded annual growth rate of 2.4 percent since the launch of the program (Business Times, 2009).Motivate by the above reason, part of this study attempts to examine whether or not government ownership lead to better company performance by focusing on the unique characteristics of government ownership in GLCs. The research is an attempt to extend the literature in this field and to provide new keenness and understanding on the roles of state in emerging market considering the limited number of research in this area. Hence, the first part of this study attempts to answer the following primary research questionIs there any significant relationship between ownership structure of government- linked companies in Malaysia and firm value?2.0 Theoretical Foundations of the StudyThere are number of different theoretical frameworks to explain and analyze corporate governance. balance frameworks approaches corporate governance in different way, for example the agency theory arises from the fields of finance and economics and the stakeholder theory arises from social-orientated perspective on corporate governance. According to Mallin (2010, p.14), the main theories that have affected the development of corporate governance are agency theory, transaction cost economics, stakeholder theory and stewardship theory. All these theory from difference disciplines have contributed to the development of theoretical aspects of corporate governance and its frameworks. However, the main theory that generally associated with ownership of the firm is agency theory that widely used in previous researches around the world.Theoretical and empirical researches on the relationship between ownership and firm value was originally motivated by the separation of ownership from control (Berle Means, 1932) and more recently, by agency theory (Je nsen Meckling, 1976 Fama Jensen, 1983). In this theory, the basic assumption is that the goals and objectives of the principals (owners) and managers (agents) conflict. The central problem in corporate governance is to construct rules and incentive to effectively align the behavior of managers with the desires of principals (Hawley and Williams, 1996). The problem of agents being responsible to principals is that it compounds the agency costs identified by Jensen and Meckling (1976) with the basic assumption is that managers will act opportunistically to further their own interests before shareholders and one of the main reasons that the desired actions of principal and agent diverge is their different attitude towards riskiness (Shankman, 1999).Under the circumstances, in Malaysia where there is a high concentration of government ownership in firms (Tam and Tan, 2007) and high percentage of firms affiliated to government (La Porta et al., 1999), the government ownership actually has capacity to provide a control mechanisms to align management personal objectives with firm objectives and eventually increase the firm value.Parts of GLCs in Malaysia are privatized firms during Malaysian Privatization Policy in 1990s. Hence, the firms always related to political variables and in that stance the political view of GLCs conceive that the high level of government interferences resulted of inefficiency to the firm rather than facilitate the operation.3.0 Literature Review and Research GapsIn Malaysia context, GLCs are defined as companies that have a primary commercial objective and in which the Malaysian government has a direct controlling stake via the GLICs. The GLICs are investment arms of the government that allocate government funds to the GLCs (Putrajaya Committee on GLC High Performance, 2004 Lau and Tong, 2008). Meanwhile, the controlling stake here refers to the governments ability (not just percentage ownership) to appoint board members, senior managemen t and/or make major decisions. The Ministry of Finance (1993) classify GLCs as one in which the Malaysian government had an effective ownership interest of at least 20 percent of equity shares. Twenty percent voting rights in one particular company is considered to be sufficient for effective control and is employed in previous studies on ownership (La Porta et al.,1999 Faccio et.al., 2001 and Setia-Atmaja, 2009). Majority of GLCs under the federal government are under Khazanah Nasional Berhad, one of the most active GLICs in Malaysia2.Empirical studies on the relationship between government ownership and firm performance on the whole produced inconclusive results. Study by Ang and Ding (2005) on the relationship between ownership structure of Singaporean GLCs and performance found that GLCs exhibit higher valuations than those of the non-GLCs. In a related study, Ke and Issac (2007) report that governments shareholding is positively related to corporate performance of Chinas listed property companies, suggested that the economy sector is matter in the country. The findings notwithstanding inconsistent with other empirical studies on the government ownership in China where in overall found the negative relationship between these two variables. For example, Sun and Tong (2003) McGuiness and Ferguson (2005) Gunasekarage, Xu and Wang (1999) and Li, Sun and Zou (2009) find that on average, the firms performance is negatively influenced by the governments ownership.Research in Malaysia on the relationship between government ownership and performance is lacking and also show mixed findings. Recently, Lau and Tong (2008) conducted a research on the impact of government intervention on firm value by employed 15 listed GLCs under Khazanah Nasional Berhad from year 2000 to 2005 (90 firm-year observations). They reveal a significant positive relationship between the degree of government ownership and firm value. However, this study has shortcomings as the selected data sets of 15 GLCs a year under Khazanah Nasional Berhad are too small and not robust enough to represent the overall GLCs performance. In fact, there are many more listed GLCs under the controlled of federal government GLICs3as well as GLCs under the state government jurisdiction. This research aims to address this issue by providing in-depth examinations and comprehensive study on all GLCs both at federal and state level.In a related study in Malaysia, Tam and Tan (2007) find that the performance of firms associated to government ownership is poor compared to others ownership types namely individual-owned firms, foreign-owned firms and trust fund-owned firms. The study involved the top 150 listed companies on Bursa Malaysia Securities based on their ranking according to their market capitalization in 2000. The similar results also found in research by Ming and Gee (2008) and Chu and Cheah (2006) that show the negative relationship between government ownership and firms corporate perf ormance. However, those studies also have limitations as they fail to properly identify the unique characteristics of GLCs ownership in Malaysia. In their studies, they group together all types of GLCs in one group in an attempt to find its relationship to performance without addressing issues of (i) the different type of GLCs controlled by federal government and GLCs controlled by states government and (ii) the different type of shares in GLCs.With regard to the first issue, distinctions should be made between GLCs controlled by federal government (GLCFGs) and those controlled by state governments (GLCSGs) predominantly because they are difference in aspects of monitoring by federal government machineries and GLICs.GLCFGs subjected to strict supervision and monitoring not only by its GLICs but by ministries concerned under federal government. For example, Tenaga Nasional Berhad, a GLCFG is the largest electric utility company in Malaysia with one governments special share and major ity of it ordinary shares owned by Khazanah Nasional Berhad . The Ministry of Finance responsible to the issues pertaining to the corporate matters of the company such as the approval entity for appointment of CEO/board of directors, their contract extension or termination, company performance etc. The selection of company chairman or CEO is carefully chosen based on their capability and suitability to head the organization. In the meantime, matters pertaining to policy such as approval for electric tariff increment and monitoring of company obeying to energy policy of Malaysia are under the responsibility of Ministry of Energy, Green Technology and Water as a guardian ministry. In addition, National Audit Department also conducting an annual auditing or special auditing to this company to be reported in Auditors General Report that eventually to be presented in Parliament. Furthermore, Public Accounts Committee, a committee under Parliament also have right to investigate whatever i ssues surrounding the company such as mismanagement or issues highlighted in Auditors General Report. With all these stringent monitoring systems, the GLCFGs are more cautious in their actions and eventually lead to good corporate performance in the long run.On the other hand, the extent of monitoring and supervision of GLCSGs by respective state governments is weaker. All issues pertaining GLCSGs are to be monitor and solve by State Economic Development Corporation (SEDC), a controlling agency cum main shareholder of GLCSGs. As contended in Agency Theory, lack of monitoring efforts will increase the agency costs that eventually lead to poor firm performance.Furthermore, GLICs at federal government have more systematically systems and incentives in monitoring and improve its GLCs performance compared to its counterpart in state government. For example is the establishment of a special program aims to transform GLCs to high performers entity called GLCs Transformation Program (GTP) t hat was launched in May 2004. Under this program, 20 larger GLCs (G-20) that controlled by different federal government GLICs has been selected to be modify into high performance entity and become regional or global champions. Since the launch the programme, G-20 have made significant improvement especially on their financial aspects with operating cash flow for non-financial G-20 firms grew by 42% from RM14 billion in 2004 to RM20 billion in 2008. At the same time, aggregate earnings for 2008 also 53% higher compared to performance in 2004 and total shareholder returns has outperformed the benchmark index of Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) by a compounded annual growth rate of 4.8% since the launch of the program (GTP Mid-Term Progress Review, 2009). With regard to this issue, based on above motivations the current study argue that the performance of listed GLCs controlled by federal government are better than it counterparts under the controlled of state government.On the sec ond issue, previous studies with concerned to government ownership and performance have ignored the very important characteristic of GLCs in Malaysia which is GLCs with governments one special share or golden share. As a background, to stimulate economic growth and reduce Government financial burden, privatization policy was introduced in 1983 and a lot of government entities as well as hundreds of government projects had been implemented by private sector. From 1983 until 2003, 474 projects and 457 government entities had been privatized from 1983 until 2005 involving assets sale of RM1.54 billion and equity sales of RM4.94 billion (Economic Planning Unit, Prime Minister Department). unhomogeneous type of privatization such as sale, leased, management contract and build-lease-transfer have been used. However, in some strategic entities such as ports, main utilities provider (e.g. Tenaga Nasional Berhad) and national carrier (Malaysian Airlines Systems Berhad), Malaysian government directly retained one special share or well known as golden share on top of ordinary shares that possess by GLICs on behalf of the government. In this type of GLCs, the degree of Government interference is excessively. The golden share grant government not only right to control companys direction including the appointment/ firing of Chairman, Board member, CEO and senior management but also make major decisions such as restructuring exercise, mergers and acquisition, assets disposal and even cancel whatever decision make by the firms for the interest of government5by the government in 2001 with cost closed to Ringgit Malaysia one billion (Jalleh M., 2005) was a good example of how this type of GLCs being protected by the government. Another prominent case was the bailout of national car company Perusahaan Otomobil Nasional or Proton by state-owned oil company, Petroliam Nasional Berhad (known as Petronas) during the AFC through cash injected by instruction of the government (Restal l, 2000). Based on the arguments, the present study believed that, this type of firms should be treated separately from other normal GLCs to moderate the impact of government interventions. By group them together into one group of GLCs as carried out by previous studies in Malaysia is inappropriate and may have distorted their studies result.This research basically will address both of these issue by differentiate all GLCs in Malaysia into groups according to their controlling agency at federal or state level and also based on their type of shares to observe their impact to firms corporate performance. This study expected to form a distinctive contribution to the knowledge and provide new facts on some elements of the government ownership in emerging economies by providing in-depth analysis on the issue. To the best of my knowledge, no particular researcher so far focuses on examining government ownership and firm value by make use of these proposed approaches. In addition to that, others variable that related to government ownership such as the role of politicians, government official and ex- government officials as board members in GLCs and also the influence of degree of government ownership in GLCs will also be tested.4.0 Hypotheses developmentThis present study ultimately intended to test for any association between ownership structures of GLCs and firm value. A total of sevensome aspects have been identified and the hypotheses developed as to their probable effect and firm performance.4.1 GLCs under federal and state government and firm performanceThere were not studies specifically relate this variable with performance in Malaysia, but study by Chen, Firth and Xu (2009) on Chinas listed company revealed that the performance of State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) affiliated to central government or in Malaysian context is federal government is outperformed their counterpart which are related to state and local government. They also argued that different form of government ownership have different motivation and objectives on investment and it lead to different performance outcomes for the companies they have invested in. According to Loh (2008), the Malaysias constitutional design clearly favors the federal over the state governments, both in term of legislative jurisdictions as well as in terms of revenue assignments. Based on this argument and motivations on the effectiveness of monitoring systems by federal government as discussed in 3.0, the proposed hypothesis isH1 The impact of GLCs controlled by federal government on firm performance is stronger than GLCs controlled by states government4.2 GLCs with governments special share and firm performanceAs explained in Section 3.0 above, governments golden share providing the government will unlimited power to control company directions and sometimes lead to misallocation of resources by the companies itself or by the government in order to assist them. The holding agency of this share i s Ministry of Finance Incorporated, the entity under Ministry of Finance, Malaysia.Although there is no empirical study so far that investigate the relationship between governments special share and performance in Malaysia, but study by Sun, Tong H.S, and Tong (2002) from Chinas privatization experience shows that too much government interference and control of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) was among the reasons of SOEs poor performance. Another argument is that, as of the perspective of minority shareholders, too much intervention from government will jeopardize the companys development and resulted poor performance in the long run. Hence, this type of company is not attractive for investors. Therefore, it is hypothesized thatH2 The impact of GLCs without governments golden share on firm performance is stronger than GLCs with governments golden share4.3 Degree of government ownership and firm performance akin many others East Asian countries, Malaysias corporate sector also experi encing a high level of ownership concentration (Liew, 2007 La Porta et al., 1998). Gunasekarage et. al (2006) in their study on influence of the degree of state ownership on the performance of listed Chinese companies conclude that firms performance is significant at high levels of government ownership and a balanced ownership structure enhances the firm performance. Study by Ke and D.Isaac (2007) in China listed property companies from 2000 to 2002 also reveals that the government shareholding is positively related to corporate performance. In Malaysia context, Lau and Tong (2008) in their study of 15 listed GLCs in Bursa Malaysia for the period of 2000 to 2005 find a significant positive relationship between the degree of government ownership6and firm value. However, this study has limitation in term of selected data sets as laid out in Section 3.0. Therefore the variable will be re-testing with more comprehensive data sets in order to have more concrete and robust evidence on the influence of this variable to firm performance. In line with agency theory that concentrated ownership in more effective in reducing managerial agency cost, the proposed hypotheses areH3 There is a significant relationship between governments ownership degree in GLCs and firm performance4.4 Politicians as director and firm performanceGLCs traditionally has some of its boards of directors that had affiliations with the ruling party especially those GLCs that previously under government control and later on involved in privatization. Johnson and Mitton (2003) noted that as of October 1999, 15.8% or 67 out of 424 firms listed on the Main Board of Bursa Malaysia Securities are politically connected to the ruling party. Empirical evidence on the association between politicians as director and its impact to firm value is inconclusive. Study by Xu, Zhu and Lin (2005) on state owned enterprises in China revealed that politicians have incentives to control the firms to achieve economically inefficient objectives for political purposes. In a related study, Shleifer and Vishny (1994) capable that excess employment and wages are common in public enterprise that control by politicians. This unhealthy phenomenon could lead to wrong managerial investment decisions and result in misallocation of companys resources that eventually reduce the firm value. Boubakri, Cosset and Saffar (2008) investigate the association between political connections of newly privatized firms and the impact to performance. The study involved 245 privatized firms in 27 developing and 14 industrialized countries and the existence of political connections is based on whether the particular firms have a politician or an ex-politician on their boards. They find that the politically-connected firms exhibit a poor performance compared to their non-connected counterparts. The similar result also found in Fan et. al (2007). Meanwhile, Fisman (2001) in his study in Indonesia and Faccio (2006) in analysis of 47 countries find a significant relationship between these two variables. In the context of Malaysia where business and politics are inter-related (Gomez and Jomo, 1997) indicated that, participation of politicians in GLCs might have effects on firm value as they act as a link between the governments and companys management. Therefore, it is hypothesized that,H4 There is a significant relationship between politician as director and firm performance4.5 Government officials as board member in GLCs and firm performanceGLCs are created partly to implement government policy objectives especially those established as a result of privatization exercises in the early eighties. Hence, most of their board of directors are courteous servants either still in-service or formal government officials that act as eyes and ear of government as well as communication bridge between the management and the government. Agrawal and Knoeber (2001) in their study found that the politically experience direc tors that comprises former government officials benefits the company they served and noted that they are more prevalent in firms compare to others outside directors. In a related study in Singapore that involved 25 GLCs and 204 non-GLCs for the period from 1990 to 2000, Ang and Ding (2006) found that GLCs exhibit higher valuations than those of the non-GLCs in the area of profitability, efficiency and firms financial performance. similar Malaysian GLCs, Singapore GLCs also comprises government officials in their board. At such, it is hypothesized that,H5 There is a significant relationship between in service government official as director and firm performanceH6 There is a significant relationship between former government official as director and firm performance5.0 Research design and methodology5.1 Data and sample designThe first model in this research is designed to examine the impact of ownership structure on corporate performance of all GLCs listed on the main board of Bursa Malaysia Securities for the period of five years (2004 until 2008). To ensure that the sample clearly equal the population intended for the research and to harmonious the selected sample to the GLCs definition, the sample selection is based on the following criteriaAt any time, one specific GLICs either at federal or states government level must be the single largest shareholder with at least 20% share ownership in one particular company on Main Board of KLSE andThe financial and unit trust companies are excluded as they are governed by different set of rules and acts that could affect the end findings of this study. In addition, all require financial data for the study period are to be available in databases (Datastream or Thomson Research) and information on ownership and corporate governance structure from companies respective audited annual report.The study constructs an unbalanced panel data of all GLCs during the study period. This approach has the advantage of attrition bia ses in correlation (Hu and Izumida, 2008). The observations period of 2004 to 2008 is chosen mainly because the period was the phase of economic stability in Malaysia when the countrys economy and capitals market activities fully recovered after the Asian Financial Crisis. The performance chart in Figure 2 below reveals that prior to AFC, the Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI) in average has been trading in an upward trend. However, the AFC push down the KLCI to below 600 during the peak of the crisis. The post-crisis period has seen steady increase in the value of the KLCI even though until 2006 Bursa Malaysia Securities still has some 200 companies trading at more than 50 percent discount to their book values (James, 2006). Another reason for the chosen period is to evaluate the impact of GLCs Transformation Program that launch in May 2004 by Malaysian government to improve performance of GLCs.5.2 Methodology5.2.1 The proposed modelThe following base model will be used to test th e hypotheses that have been defined in the previous sectionPERFORM = + 1FG_GLC + 2SG_GLC + 3GOLD + 4GOV_OWN + 5POL + 6GO_BOD + 7EX-GO_BOD + 8LOG_SIZE + 9LEV + 10BOD_SIZE + 11BOD_MEET + 12BOD_IND + iWherePERFORM = the dependent variables proxy by ROA, ROE and Tobins QIndependent variablesFG_GLC = GLCs under federal government(equal to 1 if a firm is under federal government, and 0 otherwise)SG_GLC = GLCs under state government(equal to 1 if a firm is under states government, and 0 otherwise)GOLD = GLCs which government owned one golden share(equal to 1 if a firm has governments golden share, and 0 otherwise)GOV_OWN = captures the percentage of government ownership in a GLCPOL = captures the percentage of politician on the boardGO_BOD = captures the percentage of government official in-service on the boardEX-GO_BOD = captures the percentage of ex-government official on the boardControl variablesLOG_SIZE = natural log of total assets as proxy of firm sizeLEV = firm leverage (total lia bilities to total assets)BOD_SIZE = number of board of directors during the yearBOD_MEET = number of board of directors meetings during the yearBOD_IND = captures the percentage of independent directors on the boardi = error term5.2.2 Operationalization of variable selection5.2.2.1 The dependent variableThe dependent variable in this study is firm performance that comprises accounting and market based performance namely return on assets (ROA)8and Tobins Q. They are to be employed in this study to measure the impact of ownership structure on corporate performance. The accounting-based performance is the most common types of performance measurement in assessing business performance. In this approach, annual report, which comprises income statements, balance sheets and statements of changes in financial position are the source of information to analyze companys financial performance for one particular financial year. This approach is very important for companys stakeholders such as pot ential investors since the indicator can help them in making investment decisions. It also vital in helping the companys shareholders to assess how well the company performed in market place in order to make decisions on management and employees rewards, setting suitable plans to sustain the good pulse or even take drastic approaches for company to remain in business. The accounting-based performance also helps manager to effectively plan and control in order to achieve the objectives of the company. For example, according to Thompson Yeung (2001), return on equity as one of the accounting-based measurements can accommodate the effect of different accounting procedures across industries and can asperse the multi-linearity between companys specific characteristics such as size, age and profitability.Both ROA and ROE are the most common measurement used in analyzing financial performance of companies and have been used widely in previous studies (Vafeas,1999 Abdullah,2004 Bhagat B lack, 2002 Rahman Haniffa 2006 Ang Ding, 2006 Bhagat Bolton 2008 and Chu, 2009).Since accounting-based performance measures the past and current performance of the firm, m